Acrylic acid toxicity

Table 5. Acute Toxicity of Acrylic Acid and Esters...

So acrylic acid would bear R25 (LD50 o-n 34 mg/kg) R22 (LD50 o-r 235 340 353 355) or no code (LD50 o-r 2590). Benzene, toluene, 1-propanol, dichloromethane, etc., can be either R22 or have no code by ingestion depending on the values (labour regulations actually chose not to allocate any acute toxicity code to them). 

Medical reports of acute human exposures (concentration unspecified) include moderate and severe skin burns, moderate eye burns and mild inhalation effects. Although acrylic acid is acutely irritating at sites of initial contact, it causes little systemic toxicity. The low systemic toxicity of acrylic acid is likely a consequence of its rapid and extensive metabolism to C02. ... 

Miller RR, Ayres JA, Jersey GC, McKenna MJ Inhalation toxicity of acrylic acid. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1 271, 1981... 

Neeper-Bradley TL, Fowler FH, Pritts IM, et al Developmental toxicity study of inhaled acrylic acid in New Zealand White rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 35(9) 869-880, 1997... 

Klimisch HJ Hellwig J The prenatal inhalation toxicity of acrylic acid in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 16 656-666, 1991... 

Carraher and coworkers employed the last two processes to recover the uranyl ion. The uranyl ion is the natural water-soluble form of uranium oxide. It is also toxic, acting as a heavy metal toxin. Through the use of salts of dicarboxylic acids and poly(acrylic acid), the uranyl ion was removed to 10 M with the resulting product much less toxic and convertible to uranium oxide by heating. 

Other cyclic tetrapeptides have also been isolated by Japanese workers and AM toxins I, II, and III, isolated from Alternaria mail., are extremely toxic to certain plant species (9.10). These are constructed of L- i-hydroxyisovaleric acid, L-alanine, c-amino-acrylic acid and, in AM toxin I, L-6(-amino- -( .-methoxyphenyl)-valeric acid. The phenyl residue in AM toxin II is L-t(-amino-S-phenylvaleric acid, while in AM toxin III, it is L-ol-amino-( .-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (Figure 2), All the AM toxins produce leaf spot, or necrosis, in apple but as might he expected slight change in substitution (R-group) on the phenyl ring radically alters the specific activity of the molecule. Both AM toxin I and III induce interveinal necrosis in the "Indo" apple cultivar, which is also highly susceptible to A. mail. at concentrations as low as 0.1 pph within 18 h after treatment. In contrast, the resistant apple cultivar "Jonathan" is only affected by 1 ppm of AM toxin I and 10 ppm of AM toxin III. 

For bioadhesive applications, anionic polymers appear to provide the most effective balance between adhesiveness and toxicity, with carboxylic materials preferred over sulfonic polymers [400]. Polyfacrylic acid) microparticles have been identified as particularly effective bioadhesive materials [402]. Studies with poly(acrylic acid) microparticles have indicated that, while water-swollen particles exhibit good bioadhesion, dry polymer particles give no adhesion at all. In addition, adhesive strength increases as the degree of ionization of the polymer is increased [402]. Thus the expanded nature of the polymer network is important to mucoadhesion, probably via polymer interdiffusion and entanglement with mucin [403],... 

The toxicity of common acrylic monomers has been characterized in animal studies using a variety of exposure routes. Toxicity vanes with level, frequency, duration, and route of exposure. The simple higher esters of acrylic acid are usually less absorbed and less toxic than lower esters. In general, acrylates are more toxic than methacrylates. 

In the 1930s, the Reppe group developed commercial processes for the production of carboxylic acids and esters by the carbonylation of alkynes and alkenes using metal carbonyls [4], In particular, an industrial process for producing acrylic acid or ester by the carbonylation of highly explosive acetylene, catalysed by extremely toxic Ni(CO)4, was established (eq. 1.3). 

Toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury, are sulfur seekers that bind strongly with thiol groups, which is one of the ways in which they interact adversely with biomolecules, including some enzymes. Advantage has been taken of this tendency to use thiols in chelation therapy in heavy metal poisoning. Among the thiols tested for this purpose are meso-2,3-dimer-captosuccinic acid, diethyldimercapto succinate, a-mercapto-P-(2-furyl), and a-mercapto-P-(2-thienyl) acrylic acid.3 The structural formulas for the first two are... 

A considerable extension of the duration of activity together with a strongly reduced toxicity has been found (79) for a preparation with morphine-antagonistic activity [7 7 the place of its action being localized also in the central nervous system. Hie possibility of cleavage is in this case attributed to the activated ester, bound between the polymeric chain and the active substance. Besides the above-mentioned derivative of acrylic acid a derivative of vinyl carbamate has also been applied. 

The first nanoparticulate delivery system studied was Piloplex, consisting of pilocarpine ionically bound to poly(methyl)methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer nanoparticles [44], Klein et al. [1,98] found that a twice-daily application of Piloplex in glaucoma patients was just as effective as three to six instillations of conventional pilocarpine eye drops. However, the formulation was never accepted for commercialization due to various formulation-related problems, including the nonbiodegradability, local toxicity, and difficulty of preparing a sterile formulation [208],... 

SAFETY PROFILE A human poison by inhalation. Experimental poison by inhalation, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact. Experimental reproductive effects. Corrosive. A severe skin and eye irritant. An allergen and sensitizer. Mutation data reported. Flammable liquid when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. Can react violently with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acrolein, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, aUyl chloride, CS2, chlorosulfonic acid, epichlorohydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin, HCl, mesityl oxide, HNO3, oleum, AgC104, H2SO4, p-propiolactone, or vinyl acetate. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and NH3. See also AMINES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive DOT Class 8 Label Corrosive, Poison SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed human carcinogen. A poison. Moderately toxic by inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. A very dangerous fire hazard by chemical reaction with reducing agents and carbohydrates. A severe explosion hazard by chemical reaction with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetonitrile, acrolein, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, aUyl... 

A mixture of 1 kg. (18.9 moles) of acrylonitrile Caution—volatile toxic material), 6 g. of hydroquinone, 14 g. of copper powder, 648 g. of ice, and 1012 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid is heated gradually under a reflux condenser on a steam bath. The exothermic reaction is controlled by cautious application of heat, particularly during the first hour. Heating is continued for 48 hours, after which the mixture is cooled and the precipitated ammonium bisulfate is filtered off. The crude acid is distilled by dropping it into a distilling flask loosely packed with fine copper wire and heated to a bath temperature of 250°. The system is maintained under a pressure of about 10 mm, and the distillation receiver is packed in ice. Approximately 1 kg. of clear, colorless distillate is obtained which is shown by analysis to be 86% acrylic acid free of sulfur and nitrogen. 

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