Copper finings

Small quantity of crystalline material of cnbic stractnre for study [e.g., alkali hahdes, alkaline earth oxides, cnprons or silver halides, simple metals such as aluminum or copper (finely powdered with a file)] liqnid (medinm boiling petroleum ether) for density woik. 

Silver is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and a good reflector of light. It is relatively immune to oxidation but becomes tarnished by exposure to sulfur compounds in exceedingly small concentrations. It is an excellent electroplating metal and can also be deposited in thin films by evaporation. In Dewar flasks and other vacuum glassware, it is deposited from an aqueous medium by the Brashear process. Silver is an excellent brazing material and an important constituent of silver solder. The term silver is often applied to alloys of silver with copper for example Sterling silver contains 7.5 percent copper. Fine silver is 99.9+ percent silver. 

X-Ray Orientation Angle Wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained with a Warhus pinhole camera and Phillips generating unit No. 12045 having a copper fine focus diffraction tube and a nickel 8 filter. The distance from sample to film was 50 mm. The arc length In degrees between the half-maximum Intensity points of a principal equatorial diffraction spot Is reported as the orientation angle of the sample. 

The methods outlined in Section 3.10 for patterned thin films on substrates can also be used, with appropriate modifications, to estimate substrate cm-vature and volume-averaged elastic stress in multilayered patterned films. Figure 3.22 shows a four-level damascene copper fine structure where the... 

Solids materials that are insoluble in hydrocarbon or water can be entrained in the crude. These are called bottom sediments and comprise fine particles of sand, drilling mud, rock such as feldspar and gypsum, metals in the form of minerals or in their free state such as iron, copper, lead, nickel, and vanadium. The latter can come from pipeline erosion, storage tanks, valves and piping systems, etc. whatever comes in contact with the crude oil. 

Wu S, Lipkowski J, Tyiiszczak T and Hitchcock A P 1997 Eariy stages of copper eiectrocrystaiiization eiectrochemicai and in situ x-ray absorption fine structure studies of coadsorption of copper and chioride at the Au(111) eiectrode surface J.Phys. Chem. B 101 10 310-22... 

I. Carbon and Hydrogen. The presence of these elements is usually assumed. If a direct test is required, a mixture of about 01 g. of the powdered substance and 2-3 g. of finely powdered copper oxide is heated in the tube A (Fig. 68) and the... 

The sodium fusion and extraction, if performed strictly in accordance with the above directions, should be safe operations. In crowded laboratories, however, additional safety may be obtained by employing the follow ing modification. Suspend the hard-glass test-tube by the rim through a hole in a piece of stout copper sheet (Fig. 69). Place 1 -2 pellets of sodium in the tube, and heat gently until the sodium melts. Then drop the organic compound, in small quantities at a time, down — =. the tube, allowing the reaction to subside after each addition before the next is made. (If the compound is liquid, allow two or three small drops to fall at intervals from a fine dropping-tube directly on to the molten sodium.) Then heat the complete mixture as before until no further reaction occurs. 

Gattermann (1890) found that the preparation of the cuprous halide may be avoided by making use of the fact that finely-divided copper (e.g., freshly-precipitated or reduced by hydrogen or copper bronze) acts catal3d.ically in the decomposition of solutions of diazonium salts, for example ... 

Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. 

Thirty minutes after refluxing had stopped, a trace of copper(I) bromide was added to terminate the conversion. The reaction mixture was cautiously poured on to 500 g of finely crushed ice, then 200 ml of 4 N hydrochloric acid were added. After the remaining ice had melted the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted three times with diethyl ether. The combined ethereal solutions were washed with saturated NaCl solution and dried over magnesium sulfate. The greater part of... 

In the flask were placed 40 ml of ethanol, 10 ml of water, 12 g of finely powdered CuCN and 0.40 mol of 3-bromo-l-butyne (compare VIII-2, Exp. 3). The mixture was warmed to 55°C and a solution of 26 g of KCN in 60 ml of water was added drop-wise or in small portions care was taken that complete dissolution of the copper cyanide did not occur (note 2). The temperature of the mixture was maintained close to 60°C throughout the period of addition. The conversion was terminated... 

In the flask were placed a solution of 7 g of anhydrous LiBr in 50 ml of dry THF, 0.40 mol of the allenic bromide (see Chapter VI, Exp. 31) and 0.50 mol of finely powdered copper(I) cyanide. The mixture was swirled by hand and the temperature rose in about 15 min to 60°C. It was kept between 55 and 60°C by occasional cooling in a water-bath. When the exothermic reaction had subsided, the flask was warmed for an additional 30 min at 55-60°C and the brown solution was then poured into a vigorously stirred solution of 30 g of NaCN and 100 g of NH,C1 in 300 ml of water, to which 150 ml of diethyl ether had been added. During this operation the temperature was kept below 20 c. The reaction flask was subsequently rinsed with the NaCN solution. After separation of the layers the aqueous layer was extracted with ether. The extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate and then concentrated... 

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