Acrylic acid anhydrous

The amide group is readily hydrolyzed to acrylic acid, and this reaction is kinetically faster in base than in acid solutions (5,32,33). However, hydrolysis of N-alkyl derivatives proceeds at slower rates. The presence of an electron-with-drawing group on nitrogen not only facilitates hydrolysis but also affects the polymerization behavior of these derivatives (34,35). With concentrated sulfuric acid, acrylamide forms acrylamide sulfate salt, the intermediate of the former sulfuric acid process for producing acrylamide commercially. Further reaction of the salt with alcohols produces acrylate esters (5). In strongly alkaline anhydrous solutions a potassium salt can be formed by reaction with potassium / /-butoxide in tert-huty alcohol at room temperature (36). 

Acrylic acid [79-10-7] M 72.1, m 13°, b 30°/3mm, d 1.051, pK 4.25. Can be purified by steam distn, or vacuum distn through a column packed with copper gauze to inhibit polymerisation. (This treatment also removes inhibitors such as methylene blue that may be present.) Azeotropic distn of the water with benzene converts aqueous acrylic acid to the anhydrous material. 

A number of flammable liquids and gases used in processing facilities are stored in refrigerated vessels. Common among these are liquefied gases, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) and anhydrous ammonia, and a number of reactive or self-polymerizing liquids, such as acrylic acid and organic peroxides. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA), styrene (Sty), acrylonitrile (AN), vinyl acetate (VA), methyl acrylate (MA), isoprene (IP), and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) were all dried over anhydrous barium oxide and distilled at or below 25°C. (except n-BMA, 35°-40°C.) under low nitrogen pressure. Acrylic acid (AA) was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilled under vacuum before use. 

Oxidative Carbonylation of Ethylene—Elimination of Alcohol from p-Alkoxypropionates. Spectacular progress in the 1970s led to the rapid development of organotransition-metal chemistry, particularly to catalyze olefin reactions (93,94). A number of patents have been issued (28,95—97) for the oxidative carbonylation of ethylene to provide acrylic acid and esters. The procedure is based on the palladium catalyzed carbonylation of ethylene in the liquid phase at temperatures of 50—200°C. Esters are formed when alcohols are included. Anhydrous conditions are desirable to minimize the formation of by-products including acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide (see Acetaldehyde). 

Acidolysis. One method for the preparation of anhydrous acrylic acid is by heating methyl acrylate with 98% formic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and of hydroquinone as polymerization inhibitor. ... 

Purified mercaptoacetic acid is sold in anhydrous or 85% aqueous forms, most often for subsequent conversion to the esters or to the ammonium, sodium, potassium, or calcium salts. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid is produced from metal hydro sulfides and either acrylic acid or acrylonitrile. Mercaptoethyl tallate is another mercapto-ester used in commercial organotin stabilizers. It is manufactured by a standard esterification of mercaptoethanol and tall oil, a mixture of fatty acids. 

A mixture of acrylic acid and acetonitrile added dropwise with stirring and ice-salt cooling under anhydrous conditions to oleum (33% SO3), the cooling bath removed, stirred 0.5 hr. at room temp., heated 0.5 hr. on a steam bath, stored 3 days at room temp., water added cautiously, and boiled 24 hrs. to hydrolyze the intermediate N-acetyl group -> DL-a-sulfo-j -alanine. Y 89.3%. F. e. s. D. Wagner, D. Gertner, and A. Zilkha, Tetrah. Let. 1968, 4875. 

Asemblon, Inc. (Redmond, Washington). 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUDA) with 97% pinity, 16-mercaptohexadeconic acid (MHA) with 90% purity and 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) with 98% purity were purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri). Polystyrene (PS) standard with 18,100 Da poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) with 2000 Da polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) standard with 15,000 Da M , PS-PAA block copolymers and the solvents including acetonitrile, acetone, anhydrous ethanol, toluene, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Aldrich. 

Diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin is available from ICN Biomedical Research Products (Costa Mesa, CA, USA). 2-(Trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid is purchased from Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2,2 -Azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) is from Wako Pure Chemicals Industries (Osaka, Japan). Anhydrous toluene for polymer preparation is obtained from Lab-Scan (Dublin, Ireland). 

An MIP adsorbent is prepared for the extraction of 7-diethylamino-4-methyl-coumarin (Fig. 3). The print molecule, 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (4 mmol, 0.925 g), a functional monomer, 2-(trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid (12 mmol, 1.681 g), a cross-linking monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (60 mmol, 11.893 g) and a polymerization initiator, 2,2 -azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (0.140 g) are dissolved in anhydrous toluene (18 mL) in a 50-mL borosilicate PYREX tube.The solution is briefly purged with dry nitrogen for 5 min and sealed with a screw cap. The PYREX tube is transferred to a water bath preset at 45°C and maintained for 16 h. After polymerization, the polymer monolith is taken from the PYREX tube and fractured. This is further ground with a mechanical mortar (Retsch, Haan, ERG) and wet-sieved with 5% ethanol (v/v), and subjected to repetitive sedimentation in... 

Since it seems clear that it is the combination of acid functions and free water in the electrolytes that leads to the chemical instability of WO3, the use of anhydrous protonic polymers may be attractive for this kind of application. Recently, anhydrous polymers have been synthesized and studied. However, only a few studies are reported on the performances of such complete ECDs. Table 38.2 presents the values of conductivity, at room temperature, of some of these polymers. These materials are promising for an electrochromic cell with WO3 but their conductivity has to be improved to be of the order of 10" (Q.cmj Either ammonium salts or acids have been added to polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyvinylpirolydone (PVP), poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), branched poly(ethyl-ene imine) (BPEI), poly(acrylamide) (Paam) to obtain anhydrous protonic conductors. 

Use of acrylo nitrile in place of acrylic acid in this method (Scheme 55) yield the corresponding cinnamonitriles. Most of the products obtained in Heck-reactions are almost exclusively (E) isomers. However, the reaction of acrylonitrile give a mixture of (E) and (Z) isomers with ratio 3 1, close to that observed under conventional anhydrous conditions. ... 

Under the protection of nitrogen, the compound 2.2.27 (1.39 g, 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (60 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. Under stirring condition, DCC (3.1 g, 15 mmol), DMAP (1.9 g, 2.27 mmol), and 2-bromo-acrylic acid (2.3 g, 15 mmol) were added, then heated to room temperature, and stirred for 0.5 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Saturated ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) was added to quench the reaction, and dichloromethane was added (100 mL) for liquid separation. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3 X 50 mL). The organic phases were combined, washed with saturated brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporator imder reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (PE/EA = 10 1) to give 600 mg colorless liquid (Rf = 0.6, PE/EA = 5 1), yield 29 %. 

Acrylic acid (AA) was dried by anhydrous calcium chloride and twiee distilled under vacuum a fraction with Tb=40°C/22 mm Hg, n °= 1,4224 was used in the work. 

The properties of these polyacids are closely related to the presence of carboxylic acid functional group sensitivity to pH, hydrosolubility, cross-linking by dehydratation, strong interactions with polar surfaces, and so on. However, due to its molecular structure, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) exhibits more water absorption capability than its methacrylic counterpart (PMAA), and it is difficult to obtain it in a completely anhydrous form. 

Various amphiphilic block copolymers have been synthesized by sequential polymerizations of the protected forms of functional monomers, followed by deprotection [28,34-36]. One example is the synthesis of PMA-6-poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), as shown in Scheme 3.4. A diblock copolymer, PMA-6-poly (tert-butyl acrylate) (P/BA) was prepared by first polymerizing MA, followed by the growth of rBA from the PMA macroinitiator. This diblock was then treated in dichloromethane with anhydrous triflic acid (TFA) at room temperature. Selective cleavage of the iert-butyl ester group of P/BA block occurred to produce the amphiphilic block copolymer, PMA-b-PAA. 

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