Acrylates/methacrylates

If a waste sulfuric acid regeneration plant is not available, eg, as part of a joint acrylate—methacrylate manufacturing complex, the preferred catalyst for esterification is a sulfonic acid type ion-exchange resin. In this case the residue from the ester reactor bleed stripper can be disposed of by combustion to recover energy value as steam. 

Heteroatom functionalized terpene resins are also utilized in hot melt adhesive and ink appHcations. Diels-Alder reaction of terpenic dienes or trienes with acrylates, methacrylates, or other a, P-unsaturated esters of polyhydric alcohols has been shown to yield resins with superior pressure sensitive adhesive properties relative to petroleum and unmodified polyterpene resins (107). Limonene—phenol resins, produced by the BF etherate-catalyzed condensation of 1.4—2.0 moles of limonene with 1.0 mole of phenol have been shown to impart improved tack, elongation, and tensile strength to ethylene—vinyl acetate and ethylene—methyl acrylate-based hot melt adhesive systems (108). Terpene polyol ethers have been shown to be particularly effective tackifiers in pressure sensitive adhesive appHcations (109). 

Other patents include copolymers of vinyl ketones with acrylates, methacrylates, and styrene (53) an ethylene—carbon monoxide (1—7 wt %) blend... 

Specifically MSA has been found to be more effective than -toluenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid in preparing dioctyl phthalate (405). A U.S. patent also discloses its use to prepare light-colored fatty esters (406). It is also important as a catalyst to prepare acrylates, methacrylates, adipates, phthalates, trimeUitates, thioglycolates, and other esters. 

In addition to acting as impact modifiers a number of polymeric additives may be considered as processing aids. These have similar chemical constitutions to the impact modifiers and include ABS, MBS, chlorinated polyethylene, acrylate-methacrylate copolymers and EVA-PVC grafts. Such materials are more compatible with the PVC and are primarily included to ensure more uniform flow and hence improve surface finish. They may also increase gelation rates. In the case of the compatible MBS polymers they have the special function already mentioned of balancing the refractive indices of the continuous and disperse phases of impact-modified compound. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Glycidyl alpha-methyl acrylate Methacrylic acid, 2,3-epoxypropyl ester Chemical Formula CHj=CH(CH3)C00CH2CHCH20. 

Radical copolymerization is used in the manufacturing of random copolymers of acrylamide with vinyl monomers. Anionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fu-maric, styrenesulfonic, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro-panesulfonic acids and its salts, etc., as well as by hydrolysis and sulfomethylation of polyacrylamide Cationic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with jV-dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, l,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinum sulfate, etc. or by postreactions of polyacrylamide (the Mannich reaction and Hofmann degradation). Nonionic copolymers are obtained by copolymerization of acrylamide with acrylates, methacrylates, styrene derivatives, acrylonitrile, etc. Copolymerization methods are the same as the polymerization of acrylamide. 

In American patents [31,32, the acylation of PS with acryl, methacrylate chloride, and a and jS-halogen pro-penylchloride has been done in the presence of AICI3 catalysis at 60-100 C. This process can be accomplished by using two methods in the presence of nonsolvent either CH2=CHCOCl, ClCHj—CH2—COCl and BF3 catalysis passed from PS as vapor or acylated material... 

Various acrylates, methacrylates and related compounds have been reported to undergo spontaneous polymerization. 110 A complication in studying thermal polymerization of MMA is the difficulty in eliminating impurity initiated polymerization. The monomer is extremely difficult to purify or retain in a "pure" state. These problems have led some to question whether there is any true spontaneous initiation.323 It is, in any event, clear that the rate of thermal polymerization of MMA is substantially less than that of S at the same temperature (at least 70-fold less at 90 °C).310324... 

Various A1 organic derivatives A12(S04)j on aluminosilica carriers Amino alcohols Various alcohols and acids Acrylic, Methacrylic 47.69.117) 125,127, 128)... 

The synthesis of Coumarin derivatives can be made cleaner using zeolite H-BEA and even cationic ion-exchange resin like Amberlyst-15 works. Reactions of resorcinol with acrylic/methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride and esters have been studied (Gunnewegh et al., 1996). 

Acrylic Methacrylic Acid Methacrylic Methacrylic Acid Ethacrylic... 

The carboxylated polymers [476,499] include acrylic, methacrylic or maleic acid polymers (all obviously anionic in character) applied mainly from aqueous emulsion and particularly in combination with crease-resist or durable press resins. This type of chemistry has already been discussed in section 10.8.2. A particularly common example is the copolymer of acrylic acid with ethyl acrylate (10.247). In general the best balance of properties is obtained with 75-85% ethyl acrylate (y) and 25-15% acrylic acid (x), with an average chain length of about 1300 (x + y) units 65-85% ethyl acrylate with 35-15% methacrylic acid is also suitable. When the content of the acidic comonomer increases above about 30% the durability to washing tends to decrease, whilst longer chains tend to give a stiffer handle [499]. 

Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) began to be used as a picture varnish in the early 1930s. It encountered a considerable success because of its resistance to yellowing, adequate flexibility, no dirt pick-up and good solubility in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents. Products based on PBMA, such as Elvacite 2044 and Elvacite 2045 by Du Pont, were abandoned when it was discovered that under light exposure they cross-link to an unexpected extent becoming insoluble [64]. From this point of view acrylic copolymers based on methyl and ethyl acrylates/methacrylates show a much better long-term stability. 

A number of solid acrylic resins, all known under the commercial name of Paraloid, are used in art conservation, dissolved in organic solvents, as consolidants, coatings, or in varnish formulations these resins are generally copolymers formed by two acrylic/ methacrylic monomers [82], Paraloid B-72 is the most widely used acrylic resin in conservation, and is formed by a methyl acrylate/ethyl methacrylate (MA/EMA) copolymer with molar composition 70/30. 

Fujisawa S, Masuhara E. 1981. Determination of partition coefficients of acrylates, methacrylates, and vinyl monomers using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Biomed Mater Res 15 787- 793. 

Acrylic/methacrylic acid hydrogels, 13 734 Acrylic monomers, as flocculating agents, 11 628-631... 

PEG, 13 736-737 pH-sensitive, 13 743 PHEMA, 13 733-734, 749, 750 poly(acrylamide)-based, 13 737-738 poly(acrylic/methacrylic acid), 13 734 poly(N-vinyl 2-pyrrolidone), 13 739 polyurethane, 13 739 porous, 13 750-751 preparation methods for, 13 731-732 properties and preparation of,... 

POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS The gamma radiolysis of the homopolymers of acrylic, methacrylic and itaconic acids have been investigated in the solid state at 303 K, and in each case the yields of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and of radical intermediates have been measured. These are reported in Tables VII and VIII respectively. 

Molecular imprinted polymers MIPs exhibit predetermined enan-tioselectivity for a specific chiral molecnle, which is nsed as the chiral template dnring the imprinting process. Most MIPs are obtained by copolymerization from a mixture consisting of a fnnctional mono-nnsatn-rated (vinylic, acrylic, methacrylic) monomer, a di- or tri-nnsatnrated cross-linker (vinylic, acrylic, methacrylic), a chiral template (print molecnle) and a porogenic solvent to create a three-dimensional network. When removing the print molecnle, chiral cavities are released within the polymer network. The MIP will memorize the steric and functional binding featnres of the template molecnle. Therefore, inclusion of the enantiomers into the asymmetric cavities of this network can be assumed as... 

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