Acrylamide polymers, gels

Y. Namura J. Sato, TNT (Trinitro-toluene)-Based Explosive Compositions Containing Acrylamide Polymer Gel as Gelatinizer. I. Preliminary Experiments, KKK 29 (5), 300—07... 

Acetylene compounds, D-glucopyranosyla-tion of, 242 Ackers equation, 25 Acrylamide polymers, gels in chromatography, 14 fractionation ranges of, 19 Acylation, selective, of anhydroalditols, 262 Agar... 

K Tsuji. Evaluation of sodium dodecyl sulfate non-acrylamide polymer gel-filled capillary electrophoresis for molecular size separation of recombinant bovine somatotropin. J Chromatogr 652 139-147, 1993. 

When ionized acrylamide polymer gel undergoes extensive swelling, an extremely fine pattern appears on the surface, and evolves with time[201]. On the other hand, when cylindrical gels of acrylamide shrink, they exhibit bubble pattern and bamboo-like pattern[202]. Under certain conditions, alternate swollen and shrunken portions appear (bubble pattern). In other cases, cross-sectional planes made of the collapsed gel membrane, whose thickness comparable to the wavelength of light, appear in the cylinder (bamboo-like pattern). Gel has also played an important role in the study of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction [168, 203], which induces spatiotemporal patterns like the Turing pattern [204, 205] and spiral wave [206]. In the reaction, gel works as supporting... 

Acrylamide—polymer/Ct(III)catboxylate gel technology has been developed and field tested in Wyoming s Big Horn Basin (211,212). These gels economically enhance oil recovery from wells that suffer fracture conformance problems. The Cr(III) gel technology was successful in both sandstone and carbonate formations, and was insensitive to H2S, high saline, and hard waters (212). 

Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gels are synthesized through the combination of acrylamide [79-60-1] (qv), CH2=CHC0NH2, monomer and a cross-linking comonomer (see Acrylamide POLYMERS). Typically, the cross-linking comonomer of choice is... 

All copolymers were prepared by solution polymerization, under adiabatic conditions, giving at least 99.9% conversions. The polymer gels were granulated and then dried at 90 °C to a residual water content of 10 to 12%. The active polymer content of each sample was calculated from the initial weight of the comonomers and the weight of the dried gel. Hydrolysis of the polymers was determined by conductometric titration to be less than 0.2% of the acrylamide charge. The molecular weight of the polymers was 8-10 million as determined by intrinsic viscosity measurements. 

Acrylamide-based products, in paper manufacture, 18 115 Acrylamide copolymers, functional monomers used in, 11 628 Acrylamide gels, 1 680 Acrylamide graft copolymers, 18 625 Acrylamide polymers, 1 292, 304-333. 

Gels, 23 54. See also Aerogels Hydrogels Polymer gels Silica gels Xerogels acrylamide concentration of, 9 750 classification by body part and use, 7 842t... 

CEC capillary columns filled with hydrophilic polymer gels mimic those used for capillary gel electrophoresis [91]. Typically, the capillary is filled with an aqueous polymerization mixture that contains monovinyl and divinyl (crosslinking) acrylamide-based monomers as well as a redox free radical initiating system, such as ammonium peroxodisulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). Since initiation of the polymerization process begins immediately upon mixing all of the components at room temperature, the reaction mixture must be used immediately. It should be noted, that these gels are very loose, highly swollen materials that usually contain no more than 5% solid polymer. 

At present, we believe that the jump transitions observed in many of the gels studied here represent first order phase transitions. If this is the case, then the gels studied here are among the first found so far in which a first order phase transition occurs near room temperature in pure aqueous solvent with substantial added salt. Early studies by Tanaka s group with poly(acrylamide) based gels required that hydrophobic solvents such as acetone be added for a discontinuous phase transition to be observed near room temperature [6-10]. The more recently studied gels based on poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) [11, 12] and other lower critical solution temperature polymers show discrete phase transitions in water with no salt [11], but the swelling transitions become continuous when moderate amounts of salt are added [12],... 

AA AAm Con A DSS DSS-gel LCST MAPTAC MBA MP MP-gel NIPA ONPG PVMA SSPG Tc TMED acrylic acid acrylamide concanavalin A dextran sulfate sodium gel containing Con A/DSS complex lower critical solution temperature [(methacrylamide)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride /V,/V -methylenebis(acrylamide) a-methyl-D-mannopyranoside gel containing Con A/MP complex /V-isopropylacrylamide O-nitrophenyl-P-D-galactopyranoside poly(vinyl methyl ether) stimulus-sensitive polymer gel transition temperature /V,/V,/V, /V -tetramethylethylenediamine... 

Many recent studies on polymer gels are related to volume phase transition phenomena of poly(acrylamide) PAAm gel [7] and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) PNIPAAm gel [8, 9]. The volume phase transition in gels was extensively studied by Tanaka and his coworkers [10, 11]. 

Polyacrylamide is a cross-linked polymer of acrylamide. These gels are more difficult to prepare than agarose. Monomeric acrylamide (which is a known neurotoxin) is polymerized in the presence of free radicals to form polyacrylamide. The free radicals are provided by ammonium persulfate and stabilized by TEMED (/V/V/V/V -tetramethylethylenediamine). The chains of polyacrylamide are cross-linked by the addition of methylene-bisacrylamide to form a gel whose porosity is determined by the length of chains and the degree of cross-linking. The chain length is proportional to the acrylamide concentration usually between 3.5 and 20%. Cross-linking bis-acrylamide is usually added at the ratio 2 g bis/38 g acrylamide. 

Another approach towards continuous CEC beds involved highly crosslinked acrylamide polymers and was reported by Hjerten et al. [28] at about the same time as Fujimoto s gels. An outstanding review [9] describes this development in detail. The original approach required a multiplicity of steps including the modification of the capillary surface with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate 2, two polymerization... 

Polymer Preparation. The polymer gel was prepared by combining specified volumes of a filtered 40% acrylamide solution, a 2%... 

Proteins are mostly separated by CZE. Strong interactions between the analyte molecules and the capillary wall that are predominately electrostatic in nature have a strong influence on separation efficiency. By the use of buffer additives like amines or the use of dynamically or permanently coated capillaries, highly efficient separation of proteins in CZE is achievable. Here, the native proteins with their tertiary structure are separated. Denatured proteins as SDS complexes can be separated in gels. Advantageous are polysaccharide-based polymers, because they permit UV detection at low wavelength (214 nm), impossible with acrylamide-based gels. A separation of SDS-denatured protein standards in a dextran gel is shown in Fig. 7. 

Hjerten and co-workers prepared substrate-specific polyacrylamide gels by carrying out cross-linking polymerisation in the presence of proteins [47]. Polymerisation of acrylamide and 7V,A -methylenebisacrylamide was carried out in the presence of cytochrome C and haemoglobin as the templates. After removal of the templates using surfactants and acetic acid, substrate selectivities of the polymer gels were tested by chromatography. The imprinted polymers reportedly showed preferential affinities for their templates. 

Blanco, M.D. Gomez, C. Garcia, O. Teijon, J.M. Ara-C release from poly(acrylamide-co-monomethyl itaconate) hydrogels In vitro and in vivo studies. Polym. Gels Networks 1998, 6, 57-69. 

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