Toluene trinitro

Boggs, J.L. Prentice, K.J. Kraeutle J.E. Crump, The Role of the Scanning Electron Microscope in the Study of Solid Propellant Combustion , inavwepsceiiu ir h/zo yiyoy) do) u,u, Graber, F.C. Rauch A.J. Fanelli, Observation of Solid-Solid Polymorphic Transformation in 2,4,6-Trinitro Toluene , JPhChem 73, (10), 3514—15 (1969) 39) J.E. Crump, J.L. Prentice K.J. Kraeutle Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Study of Solid Propellant Combustion. Part 11—Behavior of Metal Additives , NavWepsCentr TP-5142-PT-2 (1969) 40) J.A. Markham A.R. Cox, Applications... 

The next problem with this reaction is that the mononitro compound can add successive nitro groups to produce the di- and trinitro toluenes in the reactions. Fortunately, the rate coefficients for adding the second and especially the third nitro groups are much smaller than for adding the first so mononitrotoluene can be made with good efficiency by simply heating toluene in nitric acid (Figure 3-19). 

Y. Namura J. Sato, TNT (Trinitro-toluene)-Based Explosive Compositions Containing Acrylamide Polymer Gel as Gelatinizer. I. Preliminary Experiments, KKK 29 (5), 300—07... 

Trinitro-3,5-diaminotoluene, yel prisms (from ale), mp 222° Sc 225°(Ref 3) was prepd by heating 8 ps of 3,5-dibromo-2,4,6-trinitro-toluene with ale NH3 under pressure on a steam bath (Refs 1 2). No expl props of this compd were detd... 

Smallest Amount (Grams) Which Will Cause Detonation oe Tetryl Picric Acid Trinitro- toluene Trinitro- anisol Trinitro- xylene... 

Trinitro Toluene Exposure to dust may irritate mucous membranes permissible concn in air 1.5 mg/m3... 

Specific gravity and density of loading. The specific gravity of solid a- trinitro toluene is 1.654-1.663 according to various authors, while that of the molten product is 1.467 at 82°C. The density of TNT, compressed under pressures vaiying from 1450 to 4350 kg/cm2, is 1.54-1.62 g/cm3 (Kast [57] 1907). 

Practice Problem 7.1 1 Calculate the percent composition of trinitro-toluene, TNT, C7H5N3O6. ... 

Trinitro-toluene has sprung into prominence as a substitute for picric acid, chiefly owing to its freedom from acidic properties, its lower melting point, and great stability. Of the various isomers the one having the structure... 

Trinitro-toluene has been introduced into the French service under the name of Tolite. The Spanish Government call it Trilit. The carbonite works of Sclilebusch are introducing it into other services Under the name of Trotyl, and Messrs Allendorf of Schoenebeck under the name of Trinol. 

The high price of aluminium powder and its liability to oxidise prematurely have militated against its more general adoption. Ammonal is an explosive containing aluminium powder, and a similar mixture has been used in Austria-Hungary for several years for filling shells. The latter has approximately the following composition 47 per cent, ammonium nitrate, I per cent, charcoal, 30 per cent, trinitro-toluene, and 22 per cent, aluminium. It is compressed, heated to 67 O., dipped in molten trinitro-toluene, and cooled in a stream of air. 

Silesia Powder (186,829, T902, D.R. Patent) is a mixture of 75 percent, potassium chlorate and pure or nitrated resin. Permonite and Alkalsite contain 25-32 per cent, potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, and other constituents. Yonckite, a Belgian explosive, contains, in addition to perchlorate, potassium nitrate and mononitronaphthalene. 

Trinitro toluene (TNT) This important explosive is manufactured by the nitration of toluene in several steps, C7H5(N02)3. 

J Wannlund, M Deluce. A sensitive bioluminescent immunoassay for dinitrophenol and trinitro toluene. Anal Biochem 22 385, 1982. 

The EPA guideline for evaluation of the far-field (distant) explosion hazards is based on a TNT [TriNitro Toluene] model. Evaluation of the near-field (within the vapor cloud, or near the explosion center) requires departure from the blast-pressure and blast-impulse curves for TNT or modification of the distance/quantity relationship [22]. 

If the gas or vapor that is confined in a pressure vessel is not flammable, the chief hazards of vessel burst would be blast effects and missiles or shrapnel. The TNT [TriNitro Toluene] equivalent of a pressure-vessel burst is a function of the burst pressure of the container, its volume, and the specific-heat ratio of the vapor. 

Sheremata TW et al., Fate of 2,4,6-trinitro toluene and its metabolites in natural and model soil systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4002, 1999. 

Dave G and Nilson S, Laboratory assay of TNT (2,4,6-trinitro-toluene) fate and toxicity in seawater and sediment, in Sediment Quality Assessment and Management Insight and Progress, Munawar M, Ed., Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 2003, p. 207. 

Steevens JA et al., Toxicity of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitro toluene, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine, and octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine in sediments to Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca Low-dose hormesis and high-dose mortality, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1475, 2002. 

Buncel and co-workers [4Sl also came to the conclusion that 2.4,6-trinitro-toluene has acid properties. They based it on their repoit of a ready excliange of ( ll, protons of llie compound in basic medium of deuterium oxide... 

A famous compound containing nitrogen is Trinitro Toluene [C H2CHj(N02)3 — usually abbreviated to TNT]. This is an artificially made explosive. Its structure is shown below ... 

TNT was first prepared in 186 l>y Wilbrand and its isomers discovered in 1870 by Beilstein and Kuhlberg. Pure TNT (2,4,6-trinitro,-toluene isomer) was prepared by Hepp in 1880 and its structure deter-... 

Example 1. Determination of the product content (2,4-dinitrotoIuene and 2 4,6-trinitro-toluene) and nitrous acid in process acids from the 2,4j6-trinitrotoluene process. ... 

The values of the nitro-, dirdtro- and trinitrotoluene isomers and of some oxidation and reduction products of a-(2,4,6-)trinitro-toluene (= 8t) are referred to this last named compound. Ethyl acetate-petrol ether (15 + 85) and 1,2-dichloroethane-petrol ether (25 + 75) were the solvents used in the 1st and 2nd directions respectively. The-substances were visualised by spraying with the 4-diethylaminobenz-aldehyde reagent, yielding yellow, brown or red spots (Fig. 187). 

Esteve-Nunez, A. Caballero, A. Ramos, J.L. Biological Degradation of 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-toluene. Microbiol Mol Biol. Rev. 2001, 65, 335-352. 

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