Acids acid-base equilibrium

Acid-base equilibrium — Using the Bronsted-Lowry definition (see -> acid-base theories), an acid-base reaction involves a -> proton transfer from an acid to a base. Removal of a proton from an acid forms its conjugate base, while addition of a proton to a base forms its conjugate acid. Acid-base equilibrium is achieved when the -> activity (or -> concentration) of each conjugate... 

Changing the pH of a solution shifts the positions of all acid-base equilibria, including those involving polyprotic acids. Acid-base equilibrium expressions and equilibrium constants are used to calculate the amount of the change. For example, the two equilibria that apply to solutions containing H2CO3, HCOJ, and... 

One can write acid-base equilibrium constants for the species in the inner compact layer and ion pair association constants for the outer compact layer. In these constants, the concentration or activity of an ion is related to that in the bulk by a term e p(-erp/kT), where yp is the potential appropriate to the layer [25]. The charge density in both layers is given by the algebraic sum of the ions present per unit area, which is related to the number of ions removed from solution by, for example, a pH titration. If the capacity of the layers can be estimated, one has a relationship between the charge density and potential and thence to the experimentally measurable zeta potential [26]. 

Thirdly, the intramolecular assodation of a solvent affects the Lewis acid - base equilibrium Upon... 

The small differences m basicity between ammonia and alkylammes and among the various classes of alkylammes (primary secondary tertiary) come from a mix of effects Replacing hydrogens of ammonia by alkyl groups affects both sides of the acid-base equilibrium m ways that largely cancel... 

To see how a ladder diagram is constructed, we will use the acid-base equilibrium between HF and F ... 

Since the position of an acid-base equilibrium depends on the pH, the distribution ratio must also be pH-dependent. To derive an equation for D showing this dependency, we begin with the acid dissociation constant for HA. 

A prototype of such phenomena can be seen in even the simplest carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH3CHOOH). Acidity is determined by the energy or free energy difference between the dissociated and nondissociated forms, whose energetics usually depend significantly on their conformation, e.g., the syn/anti conformational change of the carboxyl-ate group in the compound substantially affects the acid-base equilibrium. The coupled conformation and solvent effects on acidity is treated in Ref. 20. 

Scheme VIII has the form of Scheme II, so the relaxation time is given by Eq. (4-15)—appjirently. However, there is a difference between these two schemes in that L in Scheme VIII is also a participant in an acid-base equilibrium. The proton transfer is much more rapid than is the complex formation, so the acid-base system is considered to be at equilibrium throughout the complex formation. The experiment can be carried out by setting the total ligand concentration comparable to the total metal ion concentration, so that the solution is not buffered. As the base form L of the ligand undergoes coordination, the acid-base equilibrium shifts, thus changing the pH. This pH shift is detected by incorporating an acid-base indicator in the solution.

In this scheme the reversible conversion of A to O is the reaction whose rate is to be studied, whereas the reduction of O to R is the electrode process. Scheme XIV can also represent a pseudo-first-order formation of O. A specific example is the acid-base equilibrium of pyruvic acid, shown in Scheme XV. 

Estimate the rate constants for the acid-base equilibrium of formic acid in water. 

Explain why, in the study of an acid-base equilibrium, we observe absorption peaks of both species (conjugate acid and base) when using electronic absorption spectroscopy, but only a single peak by NMR. 

This argument can be extended to consecutive reactions having a rate-determining step. - P The composition of the transition state of the rds is given by the rate equation. This composition includes reactants prior to the rds, but nothing following the rds. Thus, the rate equation may not correspond to the stoichiometric equation. We will consider several examples. In Scheme IV a fast acid-base equilibrium precedes the slow rds. 

An inflection point in a pH-rate profile suggests a change in the nature of the reaction caused by a change in the pH of the medium. The usual reason for this behavior is an acid-base equilibrium of a reactant. Here we consider the simplest such system, in which the substrate is a monobasic acid (or monoacidic base). It is pertinent to consider the mathematical nature of the acid-base equilibrium. Let HS represent a weak acid. (The charge type is irrelevant.) The acid dissociation constant, = [H ][S ]/[HS], is taken to be appropriate to the conditions (temperature, ionic strength, solvent) of the kinetic experiments. The fractions of solute in the conjugate acid and base forms are given by... 

A frequently encountered pH-rate profile exhibits a bell-like shape or hump, with two inflection points. This graphical feature is essentially two sigmoid curves back-to-back. By analogy with the earlier analysis of the sigmoid pH-rate curve, where the shape was ascribed to an acid-base equilibrium of the substrate, we find that the bell-shaped curve can usually be accounted for in terms of two acid-base dissociations of the substrate. The substrate can be regarded, for this analysis, as a dibasic acid H2S, where the charge type is irrelevant we take the neutral molecule as an example. The acid dissociation constants are... 

The slope of the straight lines in Fig. 1 is pH-dependent. This has been explained on the ground of an equilibrium between the free enamine and the nitrogen-protonated species. This acid-base equilibrium is built up very rapidly [Eq. (3)], and causes a decrease in concentration of the reactive... 

NOj ions/ Addition of water to nitric acid at first diminishes its electrical conductivity by repressing the autoprotolysis reactions mentioned above. For example, at -10° the conductivity decrea.ses from 3.67 x 10 ohm cm to a minimum of 1.08 x 10" ohm" cm at 1.75 molal H2O (82.8% NjOs) before rising again due to the increasing formation of the hydroxonium ion according to the acid-base equilibrium... 

Skure-ather, m. ester, -avivage, /. Dyeing) brightening with acid, -bad, n. acid bath, -ballon, m. acid carboy, -basengleichge-wicht, n. acid-base equilibrium, -beh ter,... 

The general approach illustrated by Example 18.7 is widely used to determine equilibrium constants for solution reactions. The pH meter in particular can be used to determine acid or base equilibrium constants by measuring the pH of solutions containing known concentrations of weak acids or bases. Specific ion electrodes are readily adapted to the determination of solubility product constants. For example, a chloride ion electrode can be used to find [Cl-] in equilibrium with AgCl(s) and a known [Ag+]. From that information, Ksp of AgCl can be calculated. 

A merocyanine dye, l-ethyl-4-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)pyridinium bromide (M-Mc, 2), exhibits a large spectral change according to the acid-base equilibrium [40, 41]. The equilibrium is affected by the local electrostatic potential and the polarity of the microenvironment around the dye. Hence, this dye is useful as a sensitive optical probe for the interfacial potential and polarity when it is covalently attached to the polyelectrolyte backbone. 

The acid-base equilibrium constant for the Me residue can be determined by spectroscopic pH titration. An example for the titration is shown in Fig. 2. The electrostatic potential

difference between the apparent pK on the charged surface (pKobs) and that on an intrinsic neutral surface (pK1) by... 

Griess (1864a) had already observed that the diazo compounds obtained from primary aromatic amines in acid solution are converted by alkalis into salts of alkalis. The reaction is reversible. The compounds which Hantzsch (1894) termed sjw-diazotates exhibit apparently the same reactions as the diazonium ions into which they are instantaneously transformed by excess of acid. Clearly the reaction depends on an acid-base equilibrium. 

On the other hand, an increase in acidity should shift the acid-base equilibrium of the aniline (Scheme 3-11) further to the side of the anilinium ion, which is much less reactive. The effects of the two equilibria in Schemes 3-8 and 3-11 should therefore be approximately equal and opposite, so that from these arguments alone one would not expect the rate increase observed for region B. 

It is well known that the rates of all azo coupling reactions in aqueous or partly aqueous solutions are highly dependent on acidity. Conant and Peterson (1930) made the first quantitative investigation of this problem. They demonstrated that the rate of coupling of a series of naphtholsulfonic acids is proportional to [OH-] in the range pH 4.50-9.15. They concluded that the substitution proper is preceded by an acid-base equilibrium in one of the two reactants, which was assumed to be the equilibrium between the diazohydroxide and the diazonium ion, in other words, that the reacting equilibrium forms are the undissociated naphthol and the diazohydroxide. 

Does this model give us a practical solution for the synthesis of monosubstitution products in high yields The model teaches us that reactions are not disguised by micromixing if the intrinsic rate constant (in Scheme 12-84 k2o and k2v>) is significantly less than 1 m-1s-1. As discussed in Section 12.7, the intrinsic rate constant refers to unit concentrations of the acid-base equilibrium species involved in the substitution proper, not to analytical concentrations. Therefore, if the azo coupling reaction mentioned above is not carried out within the range of maximal measured rates (i.e., with the equilibria not on the side of the 1-naphthoxide ion and... 

Pre-equilibria. The base hydrolysis of trifluoroacetanilide is complicated by an acid-base equilibrium 22... 

Anionic copolymerization of lactams presents an interesting example of copolymerization. Studies of the copolymerization of a-pyrrolidone and e-caprolactam showed that a-pyrrolidone was several times more reactive than e-caprolactam at 70 °C, but became less reactive at higher temperatures due to depropagation210 2U. By analyzing the elementary reactions Vofsi et al.I27 concluded that transacylation at the chain end occurred faster than propagation and that the copolymer composition was essentially determined by the transacylation equilibrium and the acid-base equilibrium of the monomer anion together with the usual four elementary reactions of the copolymerization. 

Using Environmental Examples to Teach About Acids. Acid-base reactions are usually presented to secondary students as examples of aqueous equilibrium (2). In their study of acids and bases, students are expected to master the characteristic properties and reactions. They are taught to test the acidity of solutions, identify familiar acids and label them as strong or weak. The ionic dissociation of water, the pH scale and some common reactions of acids are also included in high school chemistry. All of these topics may be illustrated with examples related to acid deposition (5). A lesson plan is presented in Table I. 

All sodium salts are soluble, and so are all nitrate salts, so It makes sense that neither of these ions participates in a solubility equilibrium. Furthermore, nitrate and sodium cations are neither acidic nor basic, so it makes sense that neither participates in an acid-base equilibrium. 

This is a quantitative acid-base equilibrium problem, so we use the seven-step method. 

C17-0025. Write the acid-base equilibrium that determines the pH of aqueous solutions of each of the following salts, and state whether the resulting solution is acidic, basic, or neither (a) NH4 I (b) NaClOq and (c) NaCHg CO2. ... 

Most of the examples in previous sections appear to involve a single acid-base equilibrium. A closer look reveals that nearly any solution that displays acid-base properties has at least two acid-base equilibria. Look again at... 

C17-0035. Write all the acid-base equilibrium reactions that have major species as reactants for a solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2 PO4. 

The titration reaction is lSIH3(a ij) -I-H3 0 (a q) NH4 (a q) + H2 0(/) At the stoichiometric point, all the ammonia molecules have been converted to ammonium ions, so the major species present are NH and H2 O. The pH of the solution is thus determined by the acid-base equilibrium of... 

C18-0040. List all the types of calculations described in Chapter 18 in which acid-base equilibrium expressions play a role. 

Differential Diagnosis of Acid-Base Equilibrium. POg values are arterial From Welsberg ( ). 

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