Acclimation

Wastes contaminated with aniline may be Hsted as RCRA Hazardous Waste, and if disposal is necessary, the waste disposal methods used must comply with U.S. federal, state, and local water poUution regulations. The aniline content of wastes containing high concentrations of aniline can be recovered by conventional distillation. Biological disposal of dilute aqueous aniline waste streams is feasible if the bacteria are acclimated to aniline. Aniline has a 5-day BOD of 1.89 g of oxygen per gram of aniline. 

Aerated, acclimated cultures from raw city sewage. 

Fig. 3. Lethal temperature thresholds for aquatic species. Patterns are general for all species, but exact temperatures are species-specific, (a) Tolerance polygon of upper and lower lethal (50%) temperatures for one-week exposures of an example species (juvenile sockeye salmon) which has been held at the acclimation temperature, with more restrictive thresholds indicated as dashed lines (b) time-dependent mortaUty (50%) of an example species (juvenile chinook salmon) at temperatures above the one-week lethal threshold after hoi ding at different acclimation temperatures. The dashed line ABC indicates transition to less than 50% mortaUty at lower temperatures and coincides with the upper lethal threshold of this species tolerance polygon. Reproduced by...

Fig. 4. Convergence of numerous physiological functions, (a) and (b), including overall growth rate, at an optimum acclimation temperature which is...

Nontoxic ahphatic compounds containing carboxyl, ester, or hydroxyl groups are readily biodegradable. Those with dicarboxyhc groups require longer acclimation times than those with a single carboxyl group. 

Compounds with carbonyl groups or double bonds are moderately degradable and slow to acclimate. 

Besides being slower, anaerobic treatment is more difficult to manage and can generate by-products that are more mobile or toxic than the original compound, for example, the daughter products of TCE, ie, dichloroethenes and vinyl chloride. It requires a longer acclimation period which means slower startup times in the field. The microbial processes are less well understood, and hence, ate less controlled than for aerobic systems. 

Some compounds can be degraded biologically only after extended periods of seed acclimation. 

The threshold limit value for ethyl alcohol vapor in air has been set at 1000 ppm for an 8-h time-weighted exposure by the ACGIH (1989 listing). The minimum identifiable odor of ethyl alcohol has been reported as 350 ppm. Exposure to concentrations of 5,000—10,000 ppm result in irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and, if continued for an hour or more, may result in stupor or drowsiness. Concentrations of this latter order of magnitude have an intense odor and are almost intolerable to begin with, but most people can become acclimated to the exposure after a short time. Table 7 gives the effects of exposure to even heavier concentrations. 

Individuals tend to acclimate themselves and their concerns (sometimes to their detriment) about the risk of a given activity if they have a large amount of personal experience in dealing with a well-known hazard. For example, an individual may accept the risk of driving a car on a busy highway but reject the much lower risk of flying in a commercial airliner. 

Akkaroidharz, n. acaroid resin, akklimatisieren, v.t. acclimate, akkommodieren, v.t. accommodate. 

Steponkus, P.L., Garber, M.P., Myers, S.P., Lineberger, R.D. (1977). Effects ofcold acclimation and freezing on structure and function of chloroplast thylakoids, Cryobiol. 14, 303-321. 

Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy, Arrhenius plots of rate vs. temperature of a membrane-linked phenomenon) that biological membranes from nonhibemat-ing or cold acclimated animals show a phase transition around 12 °C to 17 °C. Thus, at useful cold storage temperatures, it is expected that the plasma membrane and membranes of the cellular organelles will be mostly in a gel or solid state. 

Morphological plasticity and cellular acclimation When plants are exposed to stress as a consequence of resource depletion or climatic fluctuation, many different responses are possible depending upon the species and the nature and severity of the stress. However, as Bradshaw (1965) recognised, stress responses can be classified into two basic types, one of which is morphological and the other physiological. One of the major uses of plant strategy theory is to provide a basis for predicting which of the two mechanisms is likely to be operative in particular species, populations and situations. 

Mooney, H.A. West, M. (1964). Photosynthetic acclimation of plants of diverse origin. American Journal of Botany, 51, 825-7. 

Anderson, J.M. Osmond, C.B. (1987). Shade-sun responses compromises between acclimation and photoinhibition. In Photoinhibition, ed. D. J. Kyle, C.B. Osmond and C.J. Amtzen, pp. 1-38. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Ferrar, P.J. Osmond, C.B. (1986). Nitrogen supply as a factor influencing photoinhibition and photosynthetic acclimation after transfer of shade-grown Solanum dulcamara to bright light. Planta, 168, 563-70. 

Matthews, M.A., Van Volkenburgh, E. Boyer, J.S. (1984). Acclimation of leaf growth to low water p>otentials in sunflower. Plant, Cell and Environment, 7, 199-206. 

Guy, C.L., Niemi, K.J. Brambl, R. (1985). Altered gene expression during cold acclimation of spinach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 82, 3673-7. 

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