Benner, Ludwig

Benner, Ludwig, Jr., Accident investigations Multilinear events sequencing methods. (June 1975). 

Benner, Ludwig, Jr. 5 Accident Perceptions Their Implications for Accident Investigators. Hazard Prevention, September/October 1980. 

Benner, Ludwig, Jr. Rating Accident Models and Investigative Methodologies. Journal of Safety Research, Fall 1985, Vol. 16, No. 3. 

Dan Sliva was the CCPS staff liaison and was responsible for overall administration of the project. AntiEntropics, Inc. of New Market, Maryland, was contracted to provide editing services for this book. Sandra A. Baker and Robert Walter were the principal technical editors. CCPS would like to thank Mr. Ludwig Benner for providing historical perspective on MES information. CCPS would also like to thank Ms. Angella Lewis of Rohm and Haas Company for her timely graphics support. 

Ludwig R. D., McGregor R. G., Blowes D. W., Benner S. G., and Mountjoy K. (2002) A permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of dissolved metals. Ground Water 40, 59-66. 

The method of accident mitigation is directly dependent on the type of material involved and the interaction of that material in the environment. The chemicals must be identified in order to develop a prudent response. Failure to correctly identify a material prior to mitigation may result in injury or exacerbating the incident. To help in the initial stages of an incident, Ludwig Benner developed the DECIDE... 

Kingsley Hendrick and Ludwig Benner, Jr. make similar comments about the cascading effect of events in accident occurrences in Investigating Accidents with Step. 

Hendrick, Kingsley and Ludwig Benner, Jr. Investigating Accidents with STEP. New York Marcel Dekker, 1987. 

Accident Perceptions Their Implications For Accident Investigation by Ludwig Benner, Jr. 

The event and causal factors charts used by the Department of Energy as an accident (or mishap) investigation tool is basically the same tool as multilinear event sequencing (MES) and similar to simultaneous timed event programming (STEP)—all based on concepts of Ludwig Benner. It is also called causal factors analysis (CFA). 

The CRC concept, believed to have been pioneered by Ludwig Benner of Events Analysis, Inc., applies RAC logic to hazard controls to develop a matrix to evaluate alternative control measures. It is used for selection and evaluation of hazard controls in conjunction with RACs. It is based on system safety precedence. The rules for use are... 

The basic concept from which event and causal factors charts were developed can probably be traced back to Ludwig Benner and others at the National Transportation Safety Board. Benner developed a very similar technique called multilinear event sequencing (MES) and more recently sequentially timed events plotting (STEP). Event and causal factors charts were part of the overall MORT approach to system safety developed by W. G. Johnson for the Atomic Energy Commission in the early 1970s and further developed and taught by the Department of Energy s System Safety Development Center (SSDC). The use of the event and causal factors chart is sometimes referred to as causal factors analysis. 

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