Accident migration

There was no evidence of accident migration onto adjacent sections of unrestricted roads. 

Accident migration on the surrounding roads has not been found to be a problem for example Small Heath, one of the largest... 

The reduction is due to the transfer of risk elsewhere coincident with (or caused by) the scheme, sometimes referred to as accident migration. ... 

Another common concern regarding road safety measures such as speed humps and speed cameras is that they may induce accident migration, whereby traffic is redistributed to alternative routes. However, in several studies reviewed by Varhelyi (1996), no accident increase on such alternative routes was found. Fnrther, in a study that compared upstream and downstream speeds at traffic-calmed areas, Barbosa (1995) also did not find evidence of downstream increases of speed. 

Chapter 6 was concerned, with determining the probability of various failures leading to insufficient core cooling of a nuclear reactor. This chapter describes how the accident effects are calculated as the accident progresses from radionuclide release, radionuclide migration within the plant, escape from retaining structures, atmospheric radionuclide transport and the public health effects. 

Many accidents have occurred where gas has migrated through the drain system to an unclassified area where welding, or other hot work, was being performed. See Chapter 15. 

The use of rumble strips on highways to prevent sleepiness-related accidents represents the clearest example of society adapting a countermeasure. Rumble strips combine multiple stimuli (i.e., noise, cutaneous stimulation) in an attempt to arouse the driver and prevent accidents. Like the other countermeasures discussed, there is no question about its acute effectiveness. There is a decrease in accidents proximal to the rumble strip. However, a question remains about its overall efficacy. Some research has described a phenomenon called migration, the movement of accidents from the location of the rumble strips to other locations on the highway. The question yet to be resolved is whether rumble strips prevent accidents or merely postpone them. 

DEHP is lipophilic and tends to migrate into adipose deposits. Since it is cleared from these deposits slowly, analysis of fat tissues probably provides the best test for previous exposure to this plasticizer. Analysis of human abdominal adipose tissues from accident victims indicated that DEHP was present in these tissues at a concentration of 0.3-1.0 ppm (Mes et al. 1974). DEHP was also identified in 48% of the adipose tissue specimens from cadavers autopsied in 1982 as part of the Human Adipose Tissue Survey from the National Human Monitoring Program (EPA 1989b). Neither study contained data on DEHP exposure history of the subjects, however, and there is no information regarding correlation of adipose tissue concentrations with DEHP exposure concentration and duration. 

Besides, radioactive cobalt is a common radionuclide in liquid wastes from nuclear facilities, and natural erionite is a good exchanger for 60Co2+. Studies carried out with this material reveal its possibilities in the elimination of radioactive cobalt from solutions [73], The exchange of 232Th4+ in natural clinoptilolite and mordenite from liquid solutions has also been studied [74], All these peculiarities of natural zeolites make it suitable to be exploited as natural barriers for the migration of radionuclides and, consequently, natural zeolite deposits can be potential sites for a radioactive waste repository [19]. These materials have also been employed for the removal of radionuclides from polluted areas in places where nuclear power station accidents have occurred or where... 

Rosen K., Oborn I., and Lonsjo H. (1999) Migration of radiocaesium in Swedish soil profiles after the Chernobyl accident, 1987-1995. J. Environ. Radioact 46, 45-66. 

Sokolik G. A., Ivanova T. G., Leinova S. L., Ovsiannikova S. V., and Kimlenko I. M. (2001) Migration ability of radionuclides in soil-vegetative cover of Belarus after Chernobyl accident. Environ. Int. 26(3), 183-187. 

There may be low level losses in process waters, which are discharged to a waste water treatment system. Environmental release during transport is possible in the event of a spill or accident. The material has a very low vapor pressure, making airborne release very unlikely. Migration does occur from plastics during use and upon disposal. 

Management of radioactive wastes involves four basic types of activities waste treatment, interim storage, transportation, and final storage or disposal. Treatment, interim storage, and transportation might release actinides to the environment by accident. Under such circumstances the release would be a known, relatively instantaneous event remedial action could be taken immediately. Existence, migration, and consequences of actinides in the environment could be highly constrained. 

By serendipity we found a novel base induced stereocontrolled sigmatropic 1,3-H-migration. Benzylation of the readily available alcohol 48 to benzyl ether 49 occurs under standard conditions at 25°C. By mere accident the student (G. Funk) raised the temperature of the mixture to 80 °C and left the reaction at that temperature for 14 h. 

The release of I from nuclear power facilities has recently become a matter of great environmental concern. Schimmack et al. (1989) observed a relatively fast migration of down the soil profile after its deposition by the fallout from the reactor accident in Chernobyl (Kabata-Pendias and Pen-dias 1992). 

The present study reports measurement methodology and features of the migration behavior of atmospherically derived radionuclides ( s, Pb, and Be) and includes data from previous studies (Matsunaga et al., 1991, 1995, 1999) of two Japanese watersheds. In addition to the good traceability of Cs, the choice of this radionuclide was rational for us because it is a major radionuclide and important in a nuclear accident because of its abundance in nuclear reactors and its volatility. Though, the present report is for radionuclide elements, the present findings could provide suggestions for the fate of other trace elements. 

Matsunaga, T., Ueno, T., Nagao, S., Onuma, Y., Amano, H., Watanabe, M., Kovalyov, A.V., Tkachenko, Yu.V., Sukhoruchkin, A. K.. Kazakov, S.V., 1997. Migration behavior of the released radionuclides in the river system in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In One Decade after Chernobyl Summing up the Consequences of the Accident, lAEA-TECDOC-964, vol. 2. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 172-177. 

In this paragraph we briefly describe some of the largest anthropogenic sources causing far field effects, i.e. nuclear weapons tests and nuclear power plant accidents. The cause of the releases is discussed in Chapter 19. Chapter 22 discusses both near and far field effects in further detail, particulary with regard to chemical properties liquid releases from nuclear power plants, dissolution of solidified nuclear waste and of fall-out particles, migration in the environment, and possible consequences. 

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