Acceptable Loss

A current vehicle fuel system designed for evaporative emission control should address enhanced SHED, running loss, and ORVR emission level requirements (see Table 1). A typical vehicle fuel system is shown in Fig. 4. The primary functions of the system are to store the liquid and vapor phases of the fuel with acceptable loss levels, and to pump liquid fuel to the engine for vehicle operation. The operation of the various components in the fuel system, and how they work to minimize evaporative losses during both driving and refueling events, is described below. 

Figure 2-47. Acceptable pressure losses between the vacuum vessel and the vacuum pump. Note reference sections on figure to system diagram to illustrate the sectional type hook-ups for connecting lines. Use 60% of the pressure loss read as acceptable loss for the system from process to vacuum pump, for initial estimate. P = pressure drop (torr) of line in question Po = operating pressure of vacuum process equipment, absolute, torr. By permission, Ryans, J. L. and Roper, D. L., Process Vacuum System Design Operation, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1986 [18].

One approach in beginning the development of a fire protection strategy is to define the level of risk that the company is able or willing to accept. Acceptable loss is defined as the cost of a loss event (repair/replacement, including demolition and debris removal, plus consequential business loss) that is within the capability of the company, business unit, or division to absorb financially and culturally. This loss can be retained within the company or partially transferred to others through insurance. 

Precipitation of Simulated Solutions. For the Am-Cm-NaN03 solutions, acceptable losses (<1%) of transplutonium elements could be achieved using 0.3M in the final slurry with a... 

Sometimes technological advances create new problems. As we find more ways to extend the shelf of life of processed foods, we then confront new problems causing product acceptability loss. These new problems may provide opportunities for the application of enzymes, new and old, to food products. Indirect technological advances such as those in the packaging industry can often have an effect on storage life of products, such as improved oxygen or moisture barriers or substantially less expen-... 

This is probably the most frequent treatment performed on museum objects. It can range from removal of loosely-deposited surface dust to that of hard, adherent concretions. In general, it is considered as a simple and self-evident task and consequently not much thought is given to it. However, it is not a simple task and, in many cases, difficult decisions have to be made about how it has to be performed. If a metal object has a heavy calcareous incrustation covering most of it, would removal of this incrustation, which may result in the removal of the original patina the object had, be acceptable Loss of the original patina means that part of the information that patina carried (How was that patina formed Was it natural Was it the result of an intentional treatment ) would be lost, and with it, part of the authenticity of the object. 

A liquid sample must be preserved so that the radionuclide in solution remains at the same concentration during transportation and storage by preventing loss or fractionation of the radionuclide. The only acceptable loss is by radioactive decay for which Eq. (2.6) can compensate. Problematic sources of radionuclide loss include volatile forms, the above-cited deposition on container walls, and incorporation in suspended solids. 

A number of different strategies for transmuting the minor actinides have been suggested. In general, the different approaches depend on trade-offs between the effectiveness of the partitioning steps (chemical yields and acceptable losses of the desired elements) and the degree of transmutation that can be achieved by various types of devices. 

Gently resuspend the RNA in 87 p of TE by pipetting up and down (do not vortex) and transfer to a new Eppendorf tube. Accept loss. Use of more... 

Self-optimizing control (Skogestad 2000a) is when an acceptable loss can be achieved using constant setpoints for the controlled variables (without the need to re-optimizfi when disturbances occur). 

Determine the best time constant for the measurements intended, taking into account the required throughput and acceptable loss of resolution. For semi-Gaussian shaping at high count rates, this would not normally be greater than 2p,s. For RF preamplifier systems, pole zero cancellation would need to be checked. 

The method presented in this paper for selecting controlled variables (task 1) follows the ideas of Morari et al. (1980) and Skogestad and Postlethwaite (1996) and is very simple. The basis is to define mathematically the quality of operation in terms of a scalar cost function J to be minimized. To achieve truly optimal operation we would need a perfect model, we would need to measure all disturbances, and we would need to solve the resulting dynamic optinriza-tion problem on-line. This is unrealistic, and the question is if it is possible to find a simpler implementation which still operates satisfactorily (with an acceptable loss). The simplest operation would result if we could select controlled variables such that we obtained acceptable operation with constant setpoints, thus effectively turning the complex optimization problem into a simple feedback problem and achieve what we call self-optimizing control . 

Theoretically, the lifetime of an ES is unlimited because no final event indicates that it is dead. However, the continuous charging and discharging of an ES at a constant current can actually result in exponential decay of the capacitance, leading to an increase in internal resistance. The end of an ES life cycle is defined as maximum acceptable loss in relative capacitance. The life cycle of an ES (Figure 5.1) details the initial dramatic loss generally found in all cycle testing, a steady linear decline in relative capacitance over time. 

Life cycle profile of electrochemical capacitor operating within moderate parameters where time is 10 cycles. The horizontal line indicates acceptable loss in relative capacitance. 

Practical units of fuel cells could not operate without porous electrode structures. Porous electrodes with their large electrochemically active surface allow reasonable currents to be supplied at acceptable losses due to polarization (see section 2 of chapter II). Although a few properties, like maximum available surface of electrocatalyst and hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of carbonaceous species for Teflon-bonded platinum black electrodes, and formation of oxygen layers for Raney nickel electrodes, have been discussed in preceding chapters, a discussion of the parameters that determine the operation of porous electrodes had to be offered in a separate chapter. While the empirical aspects concerning the operation of porous electrodes are covered in this chapter, theoretical aspects are dealt with in chapter XVI. 

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