Academic Procedures

Prewar academic procedures at the Chemical Warfare School had been adjusted to classes of approximately fifty students. For most indoor instruction, groups much in excess of this number presented a problem because of classroom limitations. Consequently it was often necessary to divide large classes into two or even three sections for classroom work, with the sections uniting for outdoor exercise. 

Teaching procedures followed the War Department policy and the school developed a library of lesson plans to implement that policy. These 

WD policy was defined in FM 21-5, Basic Field Manual, Military Training, 16 Jul 41, and TM 21-50, Army Instruction, 19 Apr 4.  

Inspectors noted a lack of uniform supervisory control in all academic divisions during the period of transition of the school into a three dimensional institution. This situation was probably a consequence of the fact that the rapid expansion of school capacity, though inevitable, was late. In the rush to develop instructors, the creation of an appropriate supervisory staff was neglected yet, such a staff was necessary to insure the extension to other divisions of the excellent instructional methods which the Officers Division of the school had developed. The condition improved with time although the instructional standards of the Enlisted Division never seemed to equal those of the other two divisions. 

The building block of each course of instruction was the lesson. A group of lessons composed a subcourse. A group of subcourses in turn constituted a course. 

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For those who have not used DoE before, knowing where to start is a common concern. But as when tackling any unfamiliar or new reaction, the medicinal chemist will be able to find a standard method in the literature, if they do not have one already. Typically, academic procedures will have been optimised by an OVAT approach, and may have been developed for other criteria. For example, many academic and medicinal chemistry reactions can be run at much higher concentrations than normally attempted. Therefore, even a cursory DoE is likely to yield quick improvements in the process. 

By instructional directives, each of these subcourses was broken down into a suitable number of lectures, conferences, demonstrations, and exercises to insure the most effective approach to the designated objective. An instructor s period guide was provided by the Civilian Protection Branch, OC CWS, for each lesson phase. A standardized schedule indicated the sequence of instruction to be followed, text references, and academic procedure. Although each school director was authorized to make modifications to meet local conditions or to emphasize local problems, such variations were incidental. The school authorities realized that only within a firm overall pattern was it possible to reflect instructionally the frequent changes being made in the technique of protection against air attack. 

Academic procedures at the western school were identical with those developed and practiced at the Chemical Warfare School. The original corps of instructors were all products of the older school, and relieving officers... 

M. Ereifelder, in Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis Procedures and Commentay, ]ohrs Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1978, Chapts. 5, 7. P. N. Rylander, Inc., Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Syntheses, Academic Press, New York, 1979. 

Several of these IFNs of mouse and human lymphocytes and fibroblasts are available commercially and have been best prepared in quantity by recombinant DNA procedures because they are produced in very small amounts by the cells. The commercial materials do not generally require further purification for their intended purposes. [Pestkas, Interferons and Interferon standards and general abbreviations. Methods Enzymol, Wiley Sons, 119 1986, ISBN 012182019X Lengyel, Biochemistry of interferons and their actions, Ann Bev Biochem 51 251-282 7982 De Maeyer and De Maeyer-Guignard, Interferons in The Cytokine Handbook, 3rd Edn, Thomson et al. Eds, pp. 491-516 7998 Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0126896623.]... 

According to the aim of the present chapter, let us focus our attention on the academic-theoretical approach. It should be mentioned that in the study of surface reaction processes one frequently has to deal with fairly complex systems. Since the handling of such systems imposes severe problems, the standard procedure is to rationalize their study. The academic approach starts from simplified systems and a reduced number of plausible assumptions, and the goal is to achieve a general solution. The knowledge and understanding of these solutions allows us to undertake specific topics and more complex problems. 

The procedures which follow were adapted from Polymer Synthesis, 2nd ed., Vol. II, by S. R. Sandler and W. Karo, Academic, New York, 1992. 

Both PASP and MAOS are by now recognized as powerful tools by synthetic chemists. The use of both techniques together is somewhat newer and has not yet reached widespread use, as the relatively small number of publications testifies. However, we feel that the examples presented clearly demonstrate how powerful this combination can be, in particular if we keep in mind how complementary these tools are, one simplifying work-up and purification procedures while the other one decreases the reaction time. Considering the ever-increasing interest in the pharmaceutical industry for focused, mediumsized, high purity combinatorial libraries, this combination should attract more and more interest from both academic and industrial laboratories. At the same time, the need to increase productivity should bring synthetic and... 

In 1999 CambridgeSoft released a desktop/personal version of an e-notebook, specifically targeted at medicinal chemistry this incorporated reaction drawing and searching, automatic stoichiometry calculations, and simple procedure write-up using plain text. This system was adopted both by individuals, particularly in the academic community, and by small and mediumsized companies as an alternative to building an in-house hybrid system (Fig. 9.2). 

Russell A.D. (1981) Neutralization procedures in the evaluation of bactericidal activity. In Disinfectants Their Use and Evaluation of Effectiveness (eds C.H. Collins, M.C. Allwood, S.F. Bloomfield A. Fox), pp. 45-59. London Academic Press. 

Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants Proposed Regulations," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, 44, pp. 69464-69575, 1979. Bauer, Edward L. "A Statistical Manual for Chemists" Academic Press New York, New York, 1971. 

Under this heading it will be convenient to divide the types of test procedures into two major categories those that are requirements in an official compendium and those that, though unofficial, are widely used in commerce. In certain cases it will also be of value to consider specialized evaluative procedures that have perhaps a more academic background. 

Without a solution, formulated mathematical systems (models) are of little value. Four solution procedures are mainly followed the analytical, the numerical (e.g., finite different, finite element), the statistical, and the iterative. Numerical techniques have been standard practice in soil quality modeling. Analytical techniques are usually employed for simplified and idealized situations. Statistical techniques have academic respect, and iterative solutions are developed for specialized cases. Both the simulation and the analytic models can employ numerical solution procedures for their equations. Although the above terminology is not standard in the literature, it has been used here as a means of outlining some of the concepts of modeling. 

Many academic and industrial laboratories have shown that the drug permeability measured in Caco-2 cell monolayers can be used to predict the oral absorption of drugs in humans. Various datasets have therefore been used to establish correlations between Caco-2 permeability and the fraction absorbed orally in humans [85, 86, 96]. Taken together, these studies show good predictability, though with a relatively wide variation in the appearance of correlation profiles between different laboratories [86]. These studies emphasize the need to establish correlations and standardization procedures in each laboratory. 

The published procedures that can be found in the journal articles, books, academic web pages, and commercial instruction manuals for particular reagents all formed the basis for... 

The flaws in the U.S. system, particularly in the Freedom of Information Act, are not easy to fix. Legislation now pending in Congress will resolve the procedural flaws. It will, for the first time in eight years, protect academic research, which has not been protected by the law since government has not considered it "commercial." Changes to specific laws like the Pesticides Act, FIFRA, have been so hard to effectuate that we see that TSCA and the other statutes will... 

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