Abbreviations Polymeric Materials

Handbook of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis, Third Edition, by Vishu Shah Copyright 2007 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Abrasion resistance The ability of a material to withstand mechanical action such as rubbing, scraping, or erosion that tends to progressively remove material from its surface. 

Accelerated aging A test procedure in which conditions are intensified in order to reduce the time required to obtain a deteriorating effect similar to one resulting from 

Accelerated weathering A test procedure in which the normal weathering conditions 

Aging The process of exposing plastics to natural or artificial environmental conditions for a prolonged period of time. 

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When we consider the mechanical properties of polymeric materials, and in particular when we design methods of testing them, the parameters most generally considered are stress, strain, and Young s modulus. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area, and has the basic dimensions of N m in SI units. These units are alternatively combined into the derived unit of Pascals (abbreviated Pa). In practice they are extremely small, so that real materials need to be tested with a very large number of Pa... 

Many different international and national organizations proposed abbreviations for chemical compounds (lUPAC) and polymeric materials (ASTM, BS, DIN, ISO), the latter ones often including additives, modifiers, and fillers. 

Microporous polyethylene (PE) membranes with various pore diameters and porosities and microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane were used as substrates for the plasma graft polymerization (Table II). Besides these porous substrates, homogeneous poly[ l-(trimethyl si lyl)-l-propyne] (PTMSP), which has the highest gas permeability among polymeric materials, was used as the substrate. The poly[l-(trimethylsilyl)-l-propyne] was synthesized from l-(trimethylsilyl)-l-propyne according to the literature procedure (19). Films were prepared by casting polymers from toluene solutions. Hereafter, the respective substrate membranes will be abbreviated as shown in Table II. 

The following table contains the abbreviations and acronyms of names of polymeric materials whose base polymers were obtained by chain polymerization (addition polymerization), copolymerization, polycondensation (condensation polymerization), and polyaddition. Note that these abbreviations and acronyms do not apply in industry to polymers per se but to polymeric materials, i.e. polymers with or without additives, tillers, plasticizers, etc. 

The Keggin-type heteropolyacid (hereafter abbreviated HPA) is a unique catalyst material because it has the dual catalytic functions of strong acidity and high oxidizing capacity [1-5]. HPA has been applied commercially as an efficient catalyst in several petrochemical processes, including the direct hydration of propene (1972) [6,7], isobutene (1984) [8] and n-butenes (1989) [9], the oxidation of metha-crolein to methacrylic acid (1982) [10], the oligomerization of tetrahydrofuran to polymeric diols (1985) [11], and the oxidation of ethene to acetic acid (1997) [12]. 

Figure 13.8 Interfacial excitations. Schematic of the lowest excitonic excitations at the heterojunction of the PFB F8BT and the TFB F8BT systems. TFB abbreviates poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-co-U-(4-butylphenyl)diphenylamine) and can be used to fabricate highly efficient OLEDs when blended with F8BT. (Reprinted with permission from Nature Materials, Electronic structures of interfacial states formed at polymeric semiconductor heterojunctions. Nature Materials by Y.-s. Huang, S. Westenhoff, I. Avilov et al., 7, 483-489. Copyright (2008) Macmillan Publishers Ltd)...

Benzene c -diols, namely, cw-3,5-cyclohexadien-l,2-diols abbreviated as DHCD, can be used for synthesis of poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), which is a material with high thermal stability and electricity conducting ability when doped. Several types of bacterial dioxygenases, that can catalyze the conversion of aromatic componnds to their corresponding c -diols, which can be polymerized to form PPP, are discnssed. 

Many commonly used polymers, such as those found in consumer products, are named by a common or trivial name. For the most common synthetic polymers and polymer materials standard abbreviations (symbols) are used in scientific and industrial literature. Therefore, different names can be found for one polymeric substance as shown in Table 5.1.1. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (abbreviated PET or PETE) is a semi-aromatic thermoplastic polyester obtained by condensation reaction of difunctional reactants and well-known for more than 60 years. PET is commonly produced by esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. In order to obtain high molar masses polymers, solid-state polymerization is carried out. PET is one of the most important industrial polymers because of its excellent properties as tensile impact strength, chemical resistance, processability, clarity, thermal stability and others. The main applications of PET are fibers for textiles, films and bottles. Annual world PET production is around 60 millions tons. PET materials were manufactured using extrusion, injection molding and blow molding techniques. 

The starting point for the preparation of polydiacetylene crystals (hereafter referred to as PDAs] is the synthesis of disubstituted diacetylenes. The synthetic routes to these compounds are well established [9] and will not be discussed here typical examples are given in Figure 1, The abbreviations given in the figure will be used to refer to particular materials below. The solid-state polymerization of the monomers proceeds... 

The heat capacity of a material is the amount of heat that must be introduced into a given amount of sample to raise its temperature by a given increment. The speeific heat capacity of a material can be quoted for eonstant pressure or constant volume and is given the abbreviation Cp or Q, respeetively. Various units are used for specific heat eapacity, typically being some eombination of joules or calories per mole or grams per degree Celsius. In the case of polymeric systems, the mole unit pertains to the monomer rather than the polymer as a whole. 

Tackifying resins also come from petroleum feedstocks. These are broadly dassified as aromatic and aliphatic resins. The aromatic resins are based upon such materials as styrene, a-methyl styrene, methyl indene, indene, coumarone, and dicy-dopentadiene. Aromatic resins are sometimes called C-9 resins. The materials in various combinations are polymerized by much the same process as the pinenes. Some of the aliphatic resins are also called C-5 resins, as these are based upon pen-tene, cydopentene, ds- and tram-piperylene, isoprene, 2-methyl butene-2, and dicydopentadiene. An abbreviated list of conventional taddfying resins is shown in Table 1. 

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