A-Butane

Solvent deasphalting. This is an extraction of the heaviest fractions of a vacuum residue or heavy distillate. The extract is used to produce the bitumen. The separation is based on the precipitation of asphaltenes and the dissolution of the oil in an alkane solvent. The solvents employed are butane or propane or a butane-propane mixture. By selecting the proper feedstock and by controlling the deasphalting parameters, notably temperature and pressure, it is possible to obtain different grades of bitumen by this process. 

The chaotic nature of individual MD trajectories has been well appreciated. A small change in initial conditions (e.g., a fraction of an Angstrom difference in Cartesian coordinates) can lead to exponentially-diverging trajectories in a relatively short time. The larger the initial difference and/or the timestep, the more rapid this Lyapunov instability. Fig. 1 reports observed behavior for the dynamics of a butane molecule. The governing Newtonian model is the following set of two first-order differential equations ... 

World installed capacity for formic acid is around 330,000 t/yr. Around 60% of the production is based on methyl formate. Of the remainder, about 60% comes from Hquid-phase oxidation and 40% from formate salt-based processes. The largest single producer is BASF, which operates a 100,000 t/yr plant at Ludwigshafen in Germany. The only significant U.S. producer of formic acid is Hoechst-Celanese, which operates a butane oxidation process. 

Survey of the patent Hterature reveals companies with processes for 1,4-butanediol from maleic anhydride include BASF (94), British Petroleum (95,96), Davy McKee (93,97), Hoechst (98), Huels (99), and Tonen (100,101). Processes for the production of y-butyrolactone have been described for operation in both the gas (102—104) and Hquid (105—108) phases. In the gas phase, direct hydrogenation of maleic anhydride in hydrogen at 245°C and 1.03 MPa gives an 88% yield of y-butyrolactone (104). Du Pont has developed a process for the production of tetrahydrofuran back-integrated to a butane feedstock (109). Slurry reactor catalysts containing palladium and rhenium are used to hydrogenate aqueous maleic acid to tetrahydrofuran (110,111). 

A process to convert butenes to acetic acid has been developed by Farbenfabriken Bayer AG (137) and could be of particular interest to Europe and Japan where butylenes have only fuel value. In this process a butane—butylene stream from which butadiene and isobutylene have been removed reacts with acetic acid in the presence of acid ion-exchange resin at 100—120°C and 1500—2000 kPa (about 15—20 atm) (see Acetic acid and its derivatives, acetic acid). Both butenes react to yield j -butyl acetate which is then oxidized at about 200°C and 6 MPa (about 60 atm) without catalyst to yield acetic acid. 

Oliveira, L. F. S., et al., 1994, Quantitative Risk Analysis of a Butane Storage Facility, PSAM-II, San Diego, CA, March 20-25. 

Figure 6.7. Variation of incident radiation with time at 50 m from a BLEVE of a butane tank (Johnson et al. 1990).

If every collision of a chlorine atom with a butane molecule resulted in hydrogen abstraction, the n-butyl/5ec-butyl radical ratio and, therefore, the 1-chloro/2-chlorobutane ratio, would be given by the relative numbers of hydrogens in the two equivalent methyl groups of CH3CH2CH2CH3 (six) compared with those in the two equivalent methylene groups (four). The product distribution expected on a statistical basis would be 60% 1-chloro-butane and 40% 2-chlorobutane. The experimentally observed product distribution, however, is 28% 1-chlorobutane and 72% 2-chlorobutane. 5ec-Butyl radical is therefore formed in greater anounts, and n-butyl radical in lesser anounts, than expected statistically. 

Butadiene could also be produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of butanes or a butane/butene mixture. 

Identify each of the following pairs as structural isomers, geometrical isomers, or not isomers (a) butane and cyclobutane (b) cyclopentane and pentene ... 

Record the initial temperature of the water in Data Table 1. Use a butane lighter to light the candle. 

A butane-pentane splitter is to operate at 8.3 bar with the following feed composition ... 

Draw as many representations as are introduced in this chapter for (a) butane and (ft) benzene. 

The carbonyl on exposure to atmospheric oxygen produces a deposit which becomes peroxidised and may ignite. Mixtures with air or oxygen at low partial and total pressures explode after a variable induction period [1]. Addition of the carbonyl to a butane-oxygen mixture at 20-40°C caused explosive reaction in some cases [2], See other induction period incidents... 

ALL FILLING MATERIALS EXCEPT PU SHEETS OR BLOCKS. These are tested against ignition source 2 which is a butane flame, approximately 120 mm high and applied to the FR polyester fabric covered filling for 40 seconds(Table VII) to BS 5852 part 2. This applies to all loose foam and non-foam filling when tested singly. 

A butane tank is located 500 ft from a residential area. Estimate the minimum instantaneous release of butane required to produce a vapor concentration in the residential area equal to the LFL for butane. What continuous release rate is required Assume that the release occurs at ground level. Will the minimum amount increase, decrease, or stay the same if the release occurs above ground level ... 

Some general aspects of linked bis-tacn, bpta and bis-benzimidazole-pyri-dyl ligand and their Fe(II)Fe(II) compounds have been mentioned in Sect. 2.1 and Sect. 2.2 [21, 22, 28]. Only the helical [Fe2L3]4+ bis-benzimid-azole-pyridyl complex shows SCO and it was studied in solution. We are pursuing work on weakly linked compounds, with Toftlund, using a butane-linked dinitrile ligand, and this is mentioned in Sect. 6. 

Bromobutane. Here it is listed strictly alphabetically as it is—with all the bromo-compounds—not as a butane, 1-bromo-, and only a cross reference as a butyl bromide. 

Figure 11.19 Two structural isomers having the molecular formula C4Hi0. (a) butane, (b) 2-methylpropane.

Polymer molecular properties. Making a polymer of high quality is much more complicated than making butanal, for example, because the material properties of a polymer depend heavily on a number of molecular properties. For example, 1% of mistakes in a propene polymer chain can spoil the properties of a polymer completely (crystallinity for instance), while 10% of a by-product in a butanal synthesis can be removed easily by distillation. PVC contains only 0.1% defects as allylic and tertiary chlorides and this necessitates the use of a large package of stabilisers ... 

Isomerization, A process used to convert straight-chain to branch-chain hydrocarbons as in a butane isomerization plant. 

A. Butane or Propane Valve Assembly. Use only the best equipment. Teflon tape all threads before assembly. 

Figure 15.22 Barcharts of (a) butane conversion (%) and (b) product selectivity in n-butane hydrogenolysis on RhPt catalysts supported on Si02, FSM-16 and HMM-1 with and without scCO, treatment.

This burner, a butane lighter, a candle, a burning log, and a match (after ignition) are aU examples of diffusion flames where one generally provides the fuel and relies on natural convection of air to provide the oxidant... 

The oxidation of butane on these orthovanadates were tested at 500°C in a flow reactor using a butane oxygen helium ratio of 4 8 88. The observed products were isomers of butene, butadiene, CO, and CO2. The carbon balance in these experiments were within experimental errors, thus the amount of any undetected product if present should be small. The selectivity for dehydrogenation (butenes and butadiene) was found to depend on the butane conversion and be quite different for different orthovanadates. Fig. 4 shows the selectivity for dehydrogenation at 12.5% conversion of butane [15,18,19]. Its value ranged from a high of over 60% for Mg3(V04)2 to a low of less than 5% for... 

Figure 11.42a shows an energy level diagram and some of the allowed lines in the v" = 0 level of X2I1 to the v = 0 level of A2S+ (Mount, 1992). Figure 11.42b shows the absorption spectrum of OH obtained using a butane flame as the source in this case. The emission of a frequency-doubled dye laser whose full width at half-maximum is 0.41 nm is also shown (Dorn et al., 1995a). The laser emission is sufficiently broad... 

Complex vanadium-phosphorus-oxide catalysts are the most successful industrial catalysts for the selective oxidation of /i-butane to maleic anhydride (MA) with uses in tetrahydrofurans (THE) and polyurethane intermediates. A schematic diagram of the reaction is shown in figure 3.21(a). These catalysts have been studied extensively (e.g. Centi et al 1993, Bordes 1987). In the selective catalysation of a-butane to MA, the best active phase in the V-P-0 system is identified as the vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO)2P207 (hereafter... 

Figure 3.21. (a) Butane selective oxidation over VPO to maleic anhydride (C4H2O3). Structures of (b) VOHPO4 O.5H2O (VHPO) and (c) (VO)2P207 (VPO). The [201] direction is arrowed. V-octahedra and P-tetrahedra are indicated at V and P, respectively. (d) A three-dimensional network of (010) VPO. [201] is arrowed. 

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