Zircon fluoride

Opaque glazes contain opacifiers either in frit (zircon, fluorides) or as a secondary component (Sn02). They are used wherever the body colour is to be covered or to attain pastel colour shades, in particular in building ceramics. Lead-free glazes are likewise given preference in industrial production. 

Fluorosilicate Fusion. The fusion reaction of milled zircon with potassium hydrogen fluoride was used to prepare potassium hexafluorozirconate [16923-95-8] for studies leading to the first separation of hafnium and zirconium (30). Similar reactions using potassium hexafluorosihcate have been used (31,32) commercially in the United States and the former USSR ... 

The elements for which the results can be underestimated because of an incomplete digestion of refractory accessory minerals such as zircon and garnet, and/or formation of insoluble fluoride complexes have been distinguished. Recommendations on the choice of the decomposition procedure for such samples are given. 

Another silicate ore treated by fluoridizing roasting is zircon. The ore is mixed with potassium hexafluorosilicate (K2SiF6) and heated in a rotary kiln at 650 to 700 °C to effect the reaction ... 

Neoalkoxy zirconates also provide novel opportunities for the adhesion of fluorinated polymers to metal substrates because the introduction of a zirconate at the interface results in a metal oxygen zirconium VI organo fluoride. 

The superposition model has also been applied to experimental crystal field parameters obtained for lanthanides [31] substituted into host lattices of oxides, zircons, anhydrous trihalides, oxysulphides, alkaline earth fluorides and some other cubic crystals. The intrinsic parameters obtained from the analysis are given in Table 8.23. The solution spectrum of Er3+ aquo ion is given in Fig. 8.29. 

Alizarin-S reagent red precipitate in a strongly acid medium. Fluorides discharge the colour because of the formation of the stable hexafluoro-zirconate(IV) ion [ZrF6]2-. 

Aflammit ZR Dipotassium hexafluorozirconate(2-) Dipotassium zirconium hexafluoride EINECS 240-985-6 HSDB 2019 NSC 310011 Potassium fluorozirconate Potassium fluorozirconate (K2ZrF6) Potassium hexafluorozirconate Potassium zirconifluoride Potassium zirconium fluoride Potassium zirconium hexafluoride Zirconate(2-), hexafluoro-, dipotassium Zirconium potassium fluoride, Flameprooflng agent used in wool processing. Also used in manufacture of zirconium. Solid slightly soluble in cold H2O, Thor Chemicals (UK) Ltd. 

Zirconium forms only one important oxide, zirconia Zr02, which is amphoteric in character. The normal zirconium salts, like ZrC, are readily hydrolysed in solution giving rise chiefly to zirconyl salts, containing the divalent radical ZrO. The zirconates, e.g. Na2Zr03, are best produced from Zr02 by fusion methods. Zirconium also readily forms complex ions like hexafluorozirconate(IV) [ZrF ] , produced by heating zirconia with potassium hydrogen fluoride. 

Ferroelectric composites are alternatives to standard piezoelectric and pyroelectric ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and BaHOs (BT). They combine the strong ferroelectric and dielectric properties of ceramics with the easy processing and good mechanical properties of polymers. Dispersion of micrometer-sized ferroelectric particles in an electrically passive epoxy matrix was first published by Furukawa et al. [1976] and later extended to ferroelectric matrices such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-3-fluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) [Hsiang et al., 2001 Hilczer et al., 2002 Gimenes et al., 2004 Lam et al., 2005 Beloti et al., 2006]. However, the necessity of miniaturization of electronic components and... 

Piezoelectricity links the fields of electricity and acoustics. Piezoelectric materials are key components in acoustic transducers such as microphones, loudspeakers, transmitters, burglar alarms and submarine detectors. The Curie brothers [7] in 1880 first observed the phenomenon in quartz crystals. Langevin [8] in 1916 first reported the application of piezoelectrics to acoustics. He used piezoelectric quartz crystals in an ultrasonic sending and detection system - a forerunner to present day sonar systems. Subsequently, other materials with piezoelectric properties were discovered. These included the crystal Rochelle salt [9], the ceramics lead barium titanate/zirconate (pzt) and barium titanate [10] and the polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) [11]. Other polymers such as nylon 11 [12], poly(vinyl chloride) [13] and poly (vinyl fluoride) [14] exhibit piezoelectric behavior, but to a much smaller extent. Strain constants characterize the piezoelectric response. These relate a vector quantity, the electrical field, to a tensor quantity, the mechanical stress (or strain). In this convention, the film orientation direction is denoted by 1, the width by 2 and the thickness by 3. Thus, the piezoelectric strain constant dl3 refers to a polymer film held in the orientation direction with the electrical field applied parallel to the thickness or 3 direction. The requirements for observing piezoelectricity in materials are a non-symmetric unit cell and a net dipole movement in the structure. There are 32-point groups, but only 30 of these have non-symmetric unit cells and are therefore capable of exhibiting piezoelectricity. Further, only 10 out of these twenty point groups exhibit both piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity. The piezoelectric strain constant, d, is related to the piezoelectric stress coefficient, g, by... 

Non-standard electroconvection Outer hair cell Polyvinylidene fluoride Pb-zirconate-titanate Self-assembled monolayer Small-angle X-ray scattering Standard electroconvection Scaiming electron microscopy Smectic A Smectic C... 

Two common piezoelectric materials are polymers (polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF) and c mics (lead zirconate titanate, PZT). The polymer materials are soft and flexible however have lower dielectric and piezoelectric properties than ceramics. Conventional piezoelectric ceramic materials are rigid, heavy and can only be produced in block form. Ceramic materials add additional mass and stiffiiess to the host structure, especially when working with flexible/lightweight materials. This and their fragile nature limit possibilities for wearable devices. Comparisons of several piezoelectric materials are presented in Table 1. 

The principal materials used for pyroelectric detectors are members of the TGS group, lithium tantalate, strontium barium niobate, ceramics members of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) group and, more recently, films of the polymers polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFj). 

Magnitude squared coherence Moment tensor inversion Non-destmctive evaluation Non-destmctive testing Propability density function Polymethylmethacrylat Polyvinylidene fluoride Compressional wave Lead zirconate titanate Radio Detection and Ranging Reinforced concrete Root mean sqtrare Relative moment tensor inversion Shear wave Sottrce function... 

Piezoelectricity, from Greek Klet elv meaning to press, to squeeze [41], is the interplay between mechanical and electrical features of a material or a device. Changing one will impact the other. There are different types of materials that show these properties. Quartz, topaz, and tourmaline minerals human and animal bone tissue different proteins Rochelle salts (sodium, potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) barium titanate, lead zirconate titanate, PZT and the polymer poly (vinyUdene fluoride) (PVDF), are some examples. Piezoelectricity, compared to many other areas of science, was relatively recently discovered, by Jacques and Pierre Curie [42] working with quartz among other minerals. 

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