137-30-4 Ziram

Ziram (Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) (Zinc expressed as metal lie.8.9%) Inert Ingredients  

For Distribution and Use Only Within the State of Oregon ZIRAM F-4 

IUPAC name Zinc bisdimethyldithiocarbamate Molecular formula C6Hi2N2S4Zn Toxicity class USEPA III WHO III 

Uses Ziram is an odorless powder at room temperature. Ziram is grouped under class III and GUP by the USEPA. Ziram is slightly to moderately toxic. Ziram is used for the control of a variety of plant fungi and diseases that affect the foliage of plants, soil, and seeds. Ziram is used primarily on almonds and stone fruits. It also is used as an accelerator in rubber manufacturing, packaging materials, adhesives, and textiles. Ziram also is used as a bird and rodent repellent.121317 52 

Toxicity The acute oral LD50 of ziram varies in different species of animals, for instance, in rats, mice, and rabbits as 1,400, 480, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Ziram is quite toxic to guinea pigs, with the acute LD50 100 to 150 mg/kg. The acute dermal LD50 in rats is greater than 6,000 mg/kg.2,55 Acute exposure among industrial and farm workers in the former Soviet Union caused irritation of the skin, nose, eyes, and throat. 

The prolonged exposure period of animals to ziram caused adverse effects. For instance, female rats administered with low doses (2.5 mg/kg/day) in diets for 9 months showed a decreased antibody formation. Exposure of rats and dogs for a prolonged period with lower doses (1 to 5 mg/kg/day) of ziram showed no adverse effects, whereas treatment of pregnant rats with ziram (12.5 to 100 mg/kg/day) during the organogenesis period demonstrated embryotoxicity. 

Improved crop varieties and protection methods have demanded the application of many herbicides and fungicides to attain increased crop yields, decreased food costs, and enhanced appearance of food. Without proper controls, however, the residues of some pesticides on foods can create potential health risks. Proper application of herbicides and fungicides (as discussed previously) has not only lead to increased crop yield but also has reduced the hazards of persistent pesticides, such as organochlorine insecticides. However, further studies are needed to arrive at meaningful conclusions before establishing a safety in toto to biological systems and the environment. 

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Carbamates and dithiocarbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, ziram, and benthiocarb)... 

The carcinogenic activity of chemical substances is important as well. They are present in pesticides of different classes OCPs (DDT, aldrine, heptachlor, methoxychlor), thiocarbamates (thiram, zineb, ziram), carbamides (monuron) [3], etc. Even if the official description of a given pesticide does not denote its carcinogenic (mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, etc.) activity, this merely means that this particular pesticide was not studied sufficiently. 

Carbamate esters of zinc, zineb, and ziram are carcinogenic and teratogenic in animals, but this is attributed to the action of the carbamate esters and not to zinc (Elinder 1986). Results of studies with small mammals showed zinc to be cocarcinogenic with 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide on oral cancer, and with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea on brain cancer (Leonard and Gerber 1989). 

Phinney, J. T. and Bruland, K. W. (1997). Trace metal exchange in solution by the fungicides Ziram and Maneb (dithiocarbamates) and subsequent uptake of lipophilic organic zinc, copper and lead complexes into phytoplankton cells, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 2046-2053. 

Fungicides Benomyl Hexachlorobenzene Mancozeb Mefiram-complex Tributyltin Zineb Ziram... 

Hodge HC et al Acute and short-term oral toxicity tests of ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate (ferbam) and zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram). J Am Pharm Assoc 41 662-665, 1952... 

Hemavathi E, Rahiman MA Taxicological effects of ziram, thiram, and dithane m-45 assessed by sperm shaped abnormalities in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 38 393-398, 1993... 

Synonyms Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC Ethyl Ziram zinc bis-diethyldithio-carbamate diethyldithiocarbamic acid, zinc salt) zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC zinc bis-dibutyldithiocarbamate dibutyldithiocar-bamaic acid, zinc salt) zinc dimethyldithio-carbamate (ZDMC Ziram zinc bis-dimethyldithiocarbamate dimethyldithio-carbamic acid, zinc salt)... 

Zinc Compounds. Zinc is associated in a number of organic pesticides, notably Propineb fungicide. Zineb fungicide, and Ziram fungicide. Names are proprietary. 

The two most important zinc fungicides for crop protection are bis(dimethyldithiocar-bamato)zinc (trade name Ziram ) and ethylene-1,2-bis(dithiocarbamato)zinc (trade name Zineb ),13S which is the zinc analogue of Maneb (see Section 66.4). Both are broad spectrum fungicides, applied to the leaf. 

Bisdi thiocarbamates Fungicides Maneb, Zineb, Ziram... 

Dithiocarbamate fungicides consist of metal salts of dimethylthiocarbamate and ethylenebis-dithiocarbamate anions, as shown in Figure 17.5. These fungicides are named in accordance with the metal ion present. For example, the manganese salt of dimethyldithiocarbamate is called maneb, and the zinc and sodium salts are zineb and nabam, respectively. The iron salt of ethylenebisdithio-carbamate is called ferbam, and the zinc salt of this ion is called ziram. These salts are chelates (Section 2.3) in which two S atoms from the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate anion are bonded to the same metal ion in a ring structure. 

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