Work-as-done

Since (substituted) benzophenone(s) are widely used for mechanistic studies, for different reasons (e.g., no a-hydrogens, so no enolization is possible high molecular weight, so products are easily detectable slower reaction, and so on), there is a tendency in modern publications to generalize reactions with benzophenone and to announce work as done with ketones in general. 

One of the most significant aims of the TOT investigation system is to inform work communities about the fatal accidents. The investigation report provides the important information for work places that operate in the same area or do the same kind of work as done in the investigated case. Thus the investigation and produced report aim for the prevention of similar work accidents. Therefore, it was important... 

Since the traditional human factors perspective is based on comparing humans to machines, it is no surprise that humans have ended up being seen as imprecise, variable and slow. The variability of human performance, meaning that Work-As-Done is different from Work-As-Imagined, has traditionally been seen as a major cause of accidents. This is due to ex post facto reasoning, which says that if only person X had done Y instead of Y, then the outcome would have been different (in other words, a counterfactual conditional). In consequence of that, the usual practice of both accident analysis and risk assessment implies a view of safety according to which systems work because the following conditions are met ... 

In consequence of these developments safety concerns must today address systems that are larger and more complicated than the systems of yesteryear. Because there are many more details to consider, because some modes of operation may be incompletely known, because of tight couplings between functions, and because systems may change faster than they can be described, the net result is that many systems are underspecified or intractable. For these systems it is clearly not possible to prescribe tasks and actions in every detail and we must therefore relinquish the notion that Work-As-Imagined will correspond to Work-As-Done. On the contrary, for work to succeed it is necessary that performance is variable or flexible rather than rigid. In fact, the less completely a work system can be described, the more performance variability is needed. 

Work-As-Done) respectively. The distinction has been taken up by resilience engineering and been very useful there. 

Safety-II focuses on the frequent events in the middle of the distribution - as well as events at the tails. These frequent events are difficult to see, but mainly because we habitually ignore them. Given that resources always are limited, the logic seems to be that if something works, then there is no reason to spend more time on it. But the fact of the matter is that things usually do not work in the way that we assume, and that Work-As-Done is significantly different from Work-As-Imagined. The events in the middle of the distribution can be understood and explained... 

Most people have little or no practice in just looking at what happens, and it may therefore be useful to make a deliberate effort, at least initially. Work descriptions often start from ideas about how an activity ought to be carried out - for instance, as they can be found in design documents, instructions, procedures, training materials, etc. Looking at what happens is, however, about Work-As-Done rather than about Work-As-Imagined and must therefore refer to work as it is usually is done in an everyday setting. 

We all more or less constantly use all three types of adjustments, either alone or in combination. We apply them so fluently and effortlessly that we rarely notice that we - or others - do so. Because they are an integral part of Work-As-Done, we expect them to be made and often anticipate that they will be, though more often tacitly than explicitly. By using the simple categories described above, we canbegin to notice the adjustments when they are made and thereby gain an understanding of the characteristic performance variability in a specific situation or activity. 

Discrepancies—The work as done deviates from written procedures or requirements... 

The present work was done with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of the acoustic emission method as a diagnostic tool for analysing a carbon plastic composite and its adhesive joints. The samples of the carbon plastic type UKN-5000 were used in the test. Non-defected samples and samples with artificial defects were tested. 

In general it is difficult to construct a calorimeter that is truly adiabatic so there will be unavoidable heat leaks q. It is also possible that non-deliberate work is done on the calorimeter such as that resulting from a change in volume against a non-zero external pressure / Pk i dk>, often called /iFwork. Additional work w ... 

The first part of the method involves sorting all the atoms into their appropriate cells. This sorting is rapid, and may be perfonned at every step. Then, within the force routine, pointers are used to scan tlirough the contents of cells, and calculate pair forces. This approach is very efficient for large systems with short-range forces. A certain amount of unnecessary work is done because the search region is cubic, not (as for the Verlet list) spherical. 

Choosing a standard GTO basis set means that the wave function is being described by a finite number of functions. This introduces an approximation into the calculation since an infinite number of GTO functions would be needed to describe the wave function exactly. Dilferences in results due to the quality of one basis set versus another are referred to as basis set effects. In order to avoid the problem of basis set effects, some high-accuracy work is done with numeric basis sets. These basis sets describe the electron distribution without using functions with a predefined shape. A typical example of such a basis set might... 

The classical formulation of the first law of thermodynamics defines the change dU in the internal energy of a system as the sum of heat dq absorbed by the system plus the work dw done on the system ... 

All applications are for closed systems with constant mass. If a process is reversible and only p-V work is done, the first law and differentials can be expressed as follows. 

Some expenditures are partly capital and partly revenue. For example, repair and improvement work may be done on a plant simultaneously. In this case, the repair work should be classified as revenue expenditure and the plant-improvement work as capital expenditure. 

Solid-Liquid The most-used technique to study sohd suspension, as documented in hundreds of papers in the hterature, is called the speed for Just suspension, N. The original work was done in 1958 by Zwietering and this is stiU the most extensive range of variables, although other investigators have added to it considerably. 

There are cases in which one is interested in the motion of a biomolecule but wishes also to study the effect of different solvent environments on this motion. In other cases, one may be interested in studying the motion of one part of the protein (e.g., a side chain or a loop) as moving in a solvent bath provided by the remainder of the protein. One way to deal with these issues is, of course, to explicitly include all the additional components in the simulation (explicit water molecules, the whole protein, etc.). This solution is computationally very expensive, because much work is done on parts of the system that are of no direct interest to the study. 

Older proeesses used Joule-Thomson eooling entirely. The Joule-Thomson effeet is defined as the eooling that oeeurs when a highly eompressed gas is allowed to expand in sueh a way that no external work is done. This eooling is inversely proportional to the square of the absolute temperature. The system worked satisfaetorily, but it required mueh higher pressures to remove the same amount of energy. 

An expansion turbine (also called turboexpander) converts gas or vapor energy into mechanical work as the gas or vapor expands through the turbine. The internal energy of the gas decreases as work is done. The exit temperature of the gas may be very low. Therefore, the expander has the ability to act as a refrigerator in the separation and liquefaction of gases. 

The subjeet of fluidization and researeh and development in this field, probably reaehed its peak in the early 1980 s with extensive work being applied by the petroleum industry in synthetie fuels development sueh as shale oil, eoal gasifieation, pyrolysis applications. Prior to this, significant development work was done in the petroleum industry for flexieraeking and flexieoking operations. Fluidization still remains an area of aetive researeh and industry development, and the teehnology is well established in a variety of industry seetors. 

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