Wool and leather

The synthesis of the 1 1 complex 8 is an example of [10] demethylative chroma-tion. It is prepared by diazotization of 5-amino-2-chlorohydroquinone dimethyl ether and coupling onto 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid. The reaction product and Cr203 in formic acid are heated in an autoclave at 130 °C. The chromium complex 8 [80004-31-5] is obtained as a black powder that gives grayish blue dyeings on wool and leather. 

In the stepwise synthesis of the unsymmetrical complex dye 13 [ 70236-60-1] [10], the azo dye made from diazotized l-amino-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzene and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone and the 1 1 chromium complex obtained from 6-nitro-l-diazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid and 2-naphthol are heated together at 80 °C for 5 h. The adduct is salted out with NaCl. A black powder is obtained that dyes wool and leather in dark brown shades. The resulting colors are fast, particularly on shrink-resistant wool. 

Materials define the face of society. Initially, since prehistoric times - and to this day - materials were selected amongst those available in nature. These included, besides stones and metals, basic ingredients obtained from plants, crops, and animals in the form of, for example, wood, flax, wool, and leather. Materials use was a skills-based activity perfected by artists and guild-members handed from one generation to the next. 

Wood and, polymers. Natural materials as well as materials manufactured from plant or animal origin, such as wood, cotton, paper products, wool, and leather, etc., are fully biodegradable under aerobic conditions. (Dexter)5 Plastics are materials that consist mainly of highly polymeric, organic compounds. Also, nondegradable polymer may become degradable by a combined chemical, physical, and biological attack.64,67... 

Chromogene [BASF]. TM for mordant dyestuffs used on wool and leather. Characterized by very good fastness to light, fulling, etc. 

A variety of helminths belonging to the class nematoda (roundworms), trema-toda (flatworms or flukes) and cestoda (tapeworms) are known to infect humans and domestic animals. The diseases caused by these worms are not only responsible for occasional deaths and wide range of health problems in man, but also exert detrimental effect on the nutritional and immune status of the host resulting in low resistance against other infections. The presence of helminth infections in livestock leads to decrease in output of animal products (milk, fat, butter, meat, eggs, wool and leather etc.) and has, therefore, strong socio-economic impact in countries with agro-and dairy-based industries [7]. 

While many proteins have been in long use, modern polymer science can be employed to make them better, or serve additional uses. Graft copolymers of wool and leather, now under investigation, yield softer and/or more water-resistant materials. 

The final section contains six chapters emphasizing the use of proteinaceous materials as leather, wool, polypeptides, and collagen. The chemical modification of leather through the use of radiation, and poly(gamma-methyl-L-glutamate) membranes is described as is the modification of collagen, wool, and leather by chemical means. 

People have used polymers for far longer than metals. From the earliest times, wood, leather, wool and cotton have been used for shelter and clothing. Many natural polymers are cheap and plentiful (not all, though think of silk) and remarkably strong. But they evolved for specific natural purposes - to support a tree, to protect an animal -and are not always in the form best suited to meet the needs of engineering. 

Triphenylmethane leuco dyes are far more important than the diphenylmethanes in terms of practical value. Use of triphenylmethane dyes for traditional applications of dyes is limited to dyeing wool, silk, leather, and polyacrylonitrile fibers. The largest portion of the annual production of this class of leuco dyes is consumed in the manufacturing of various copying papers. 

Like it or not, its a plastic world out there. Plastics have penetrated the traditional markets for paper, cotton, wool, wood, leather, glass, metals, and concrete. (Its a good thing you cant eat it.) The growth of plastics would be even faster if they weren t made out of such an expensive raw material, petroleum. But many of the materials they are replacing have important energy components in their creation as well. So the advances in plastics continue. 

Uses Preparation of 3,4-dichloroaniline solvent for a wide variety of organic compounds and for oxides of nonferrous metals solvent carrier in products of toluene diisocyanate intermediate for dyes fumigant insecticide for termites degreasing hides and wool metal polishes degreasing agent for metals, wood, and leather industrial air control disinfectant heat transfer medium. 

Proteinases in the Leather Industiy. Protease enzymes are used in the processing of skins and hides into leather, in particular for the removal of hair and wool, and for increasing the pliability (called bating) of leather. 

Before 1800 Cotton, flax, wool, and silk fibers bitumens caulking materials glass and hydraulic cements leather and cellulose sheet (paper) natural rubber Hevea brasiliensis), gutta percha, balata, and shellac 1839 Vulcanization of rubber (Charles Goodyear)... 

The nomenclature given for these componnds is a nniversally recognised system for the naming of dyestuffs devised by the Society of Dyers and Colourists as part of their Colour Index (Cl). The Cl Generic Name is made up of the application class, the hne and a nnmber. Acid dyes are nsed on wool and polyamide, direct dyes on cel-lulosic fibres, paper and leather, disperse dyes on polyester fibres, reactive dyes on cellnlosic fibres and basic dyes on polyacrylonitrile and paper. 

M Culloch considers that the leather manufacture ranks third or fourth in importance, being inferior in money value to those of cotton, wool, and iron, whilst others are disposed to think that it is quite as important as cottcn. A glance at the extent of this branch of trade will show at once how much it has merited tho... 

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