Costs short-range

Bluetooth the need for low-cost short-range wireless radio networking among different electronic devices such as mobile PCs, cell phones, and... 

Moire fringe range contours Simple and low cost Short ranges Limited to the measurement of smooth surfaces... 

How to improve the computational efficiency of complex and accurate potential models Generally speaking, more complex potentials with appropriate parameterization can better reproduce a wider range of physical behaviors of a system under study, albeit often with an undesirable increase in the computational cost. Short-ranged versions of the TS potentials prove that balance between computational efficiency and model accuracy can be achieved, which is a cmcial requirement for large-scale atomistic simulations. 

Mobile weapon systems include the ordnance weapon systems, such as the air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air, and short-range, surface-to-surface missile. Because of the limited volume requirements, heavy emphasis is placed on density impulse. These systems are completely prepackaged (including propellants) and require complete storability of the propellant as a liquid over a temperature range — 65°-160°F. Because of personnel proximity at all times, toxicity is sometimes an important factor. The large number of units which are utilized usually imposes restrictions on propellant cost. 

The electrostatic part, Wg(ft), can be evaluated with the reaction field model. The short-range term, i/r(Tl), could in principle be derived from the pair interactions between molecules [21-23], This kind of approach, which can be very cumbersome, may be necessary in some cases, e.g. for a thorough analysis of the thermodynamic properties of liquid crystals. However, a lower level of detail can be sufficient to predict orientational order parameters. Very effective approaches have been developed, in the sense that they are capable of providing a good account of the anisotropy of short-range intermolecular interactions, at low computational cost [6,22], These are phenomenological models, essentially in the spirit of the popular Maier-Saupe theory [24], wherein the mean-field potential is parameterized in terms of the anisometry of the molecular surface. They rely on the physical insight that the anisotropy of steric and dispersion interactions reflects the molecular shape. 

Density functional theory (DFT) has emerged as a powerful technique for the solution of the Schrodinger equation at affordable computational costs. Several groups have used DFT to address the effect of electron correlation in ion-water systems. Combariza and Kestner studied short-range interactions and charge transfer in mono and tri-hydrates of Li", Na", F, and CF. The accuracy of their DFT predictions was assessed by comparing electron affinity and atomic polarizability to experimental values. Small water and ion-water clusters were also analyzed and compared to those predicted by effective potentials in MD simulations. 

Fig. 6 Reduction of cost function with reducing temperature in simulated annealing calculations when determining the structure of siliceous nanoparticles by fitting NMR and SANS data. Short-range order occurs at higher temperatures and long-range order at lower temperatures. (View this art in color at www.dekker.com.)...

Calculations of approximate energy band structure are possible on the basis of the assumption that the energy bands are mostly determined by the short-range order. This aspect will be discussed in Chapter 8. The absence of periodicity on the one hand and presence of extensive polymeric structure in most important glasses on the other, are factors which severely restrict the use of quantum mechanical calculations. Most quantum mechanical calculations are restricted to investigations of small clusters because of the prohibitive increase of the computational cost with size. 

In the short run may costs are fixed. In the long run all costs are variable. Short-range fixed costs such as executive salaries, engineering salaries, research and development salaries, and expenses may be reduced in a prolonged business decline. 

Figure 8.3 Long- and short-range average costs.

SRAC short-range average cost TC total annual production cost v wage of employee i X number of employees of type i needed... 

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