Winter warming

Fig. 9. lon-nucleation rates as calculated by Arnold (see [39]) for winter [1], summer [2], and stratospheric winter warming-cooling events [3, 4, 5]. 

Kirchner I., Stenchikov G., Graf H.-F., Robock A., and Antuna J. (1999) Climate model simulation of winter warming and summer cooling following the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 19039-19055. 

The 15W40 or 15W50 oils are the most widespread in temperate climates (Western Europe), while the 20W40 or 20W50 oils are used in relatively warm climates (Mediterranean countries. Middle East, South America). The 5W or lOW grades are used in countries having severe winters such as Scandinavia and Canada. 

Air control louvers or dampers, popular in the past for air flow control, are used primarily for only very low scale air flow control. Louvers are used in many winterized heat exchangers in extremely low ambient temperature locations to retain and recirculate warm air in completely enclosed heat exchangers, sometimes in very compHcated control schemes. The use of louvers on the discharge side of a fan to control air flow is inefficient and creates mechanical problems in the louvers because of the turbulence. A fan is a constant volume device, thus use of louvers to control flow is equivalent to... 

Comfort is reduced by elevated humidity levels. It is recommended that on the warm side of the comfort zone the relative humidity should not exceed 60% to prevent warm discomfort. On the cool side of the comfort zone, high humidity is less important because there is no swearing to increase skin moisture. For these reasons the upper boundaries of comfort zones in Fig. 5.7b are wet bulb temperatures of 18 and 20 °C for the winter and summer comfort zones respectively. 

Provide fresh air. For maximum effect, a ducted fresh-air inlet system will provide cool air in summer and, if fitted with a recirculation unit, allow a flow of tempered or warm air in winter. The air outlet should be positioned to ensure that the airflow does not cause a draft on the back of the neck. 

Cooling air flow can he restricted hy blanking flaps, baffles or winter enclosures, providing that, if not automatic, the operating staff are aware of their presence and will restore the air flow when the weather turns warm again. 

In climates which have a well-defined summer and winter, heating when required can he obtained with fan coil or induction units, hy supplying warm water to the coil instead of cold. Some variation of this is possible with induction systems which can, at times, have cold primary air with warm water, or vice versa, giving a degree of heatingcooling selection. 

Mr. Boulud s winter cocktail menu, introduced on Monday at his signature restaurant, Daniel, on East 65th Street, includes Juniper and Berries, a warm apple-cider-like drink with gin, creme de cassis and maple syrup. (Coincidentally, the Clinton Bakery on the Lower East Side is also serving a warm apple and maple drink, without liquor. Throw some gin into it, guys )... 

For that reason, it is an excellent summer drink. I have discovered that the gimlet is also an unexpectedly sophisticated fall-to-winter drink. Who wants to warm up, I realized, when you can have cool rational thoughts in temperate climates like the lobbies of good hotels on career changes, relationship breakups and other personal accounting The gimlet can be a serious work tool. 

The primary industries are pulp and paper, lumber, electronics, and tourism. The basin supports extensive wildlife and fish habitat. Precipitation varies from 100 cm at the basin floor to more than 300 cm in the Cascade Range and summers are dry and warm with winters cloudy and wet. Daily average temperatures in the basin range from 1.7 C in winter to 28°C in summer. A cross-sectional profile of the basin is shown in Figure 2A. Figure 2B identifies specific morphological reaches of the main stem Willamette River. 

Annual mean temperatures in Europe are likely to increase more than the global mean. Seasonally, the largest warming is likely to be in northern Europe in winter and in the Mediterranean area in summer. 

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