Winter rape

The influence of zearalenone on the generative development of winter rape was much weaker in comparison with that of wheat. None of the concentrations which stimulated wheat plants induced the flowering of rape plants. Zearalenone treatment stimulated only the first step of the process of the shoot apices generative differentiation (Biesaga-Koscielniak 2001). 

The species we have dealt with is winter rape Brassica napus L.). See comments in Chapter 4, Oils, fats and waxes, and the reference to Hughes (1969). 

Hughes, M. (1969) Determination of moisture and oil in the seed of winter rape (Brassica napus). Parts I II. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 20, 741-747. 

Soper (1978) found alloxydim-sodium efficient for the control of volunteer cereals in winter rape. 

Cultured lettuce and chard on acid or calcareous soils to which Cd sulfate had been added, led to lettuce leaf concentrations of up to 800 mg/kg and chard leaves up to 1.6 g/kg in acid soil. In calcareous soils the levels were much lower. The same trend has been reported for rice, soybeans, ryegrass, and winter rape. Some invertebrates can concentrate Cd, as has been reported for earthworms, terrestrial snails, and slugs. In birds an accumulation into the kidney and liver have been found. Oysters or mussels can be used to monitor Cd in sea water levels, because a concentration of up to 100 mg/kg have been found after 100 hours (WHO, 1992b). 

Canada is the world s largest producer and exporter of rapeseed, a position achieved largely within the last decade. Except for a small area in British Columbia, all commercial production is in the three Prairie Provinces, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, where it is well adapted to the northern climate, north of the 49° latitude (Table XII). Varieties grown are of the summer rape type no winter rape varieties suited to the Canadian climate are commercially available. 

Europe is the major rapeseed producing area in the world. Rapeseed production increased three- to fourfold after World War II to alleviate the severe shortage of edible oils and to lessen their dependence on imported soybeans. This development has been highly beneficial in terms of a better balanced agriculture especially in Northern Europe. Most European production is of winter rape varieties which give higher yields (Table III), and modern oil extraction techniques ensure that oil yields from the seed are also high. Yield of oil from one hectare in Europe equals that from about 4 hectares in India. 

It was more difficult to develop low erucic acid cultivars for northern Europe because most of the rapeseed in this area is derived from winter rape. European cultivars were highly developed for seed and oil yield more time was required to grow a plant from seed to maturity because a cold treatment (vernalization) was required so that the plant could proceed from vegetative to reproductive development. Furthermore, a characteristic had to be transferred from summer rape to winter rape, a cross that produces a... 

Cycocel has been shown to increase the frost tolerance of winter wheat [19], winter rape [14], alfalfa [16], cabbage [15], potato [3] and box elder [12]. In several studies, Cycocel was only effective when applied under hardening conditions, whereas a measurable degree of hardiness under non-hardening conditions has been reported for box elder [12] and winter wheat [19]. 

Winter rape seed variety Lirajet was used in all experiments. Extracts were prepared by the procedure described recently (2). Protein content in the extracts was determined by the Bradford method in the format adapted for microtitre plate reader. PLD activity was determined by choline biosensor (3) using egg L-a-phosphatidylcholine as substrate. 

Winter rape seed variety Lirajet (double zero) was obtained from the Setuza Inc. 

TABLBI Summary of phospholipase D purification from winter rape seed... 

These are detailed in the HGCAMK Recommended Lists for Oilseeds. The winter rape lists are regionalised between North and EastAVest... 

In the spring, seed weevil and bladder pod midge may require control and in spring rape, or late winter rape, pollen beetle may also be a problem (Table 7.1). 

G. Smolenska and P.J.C. Kuiper - Effect of low temperature upon lipid and fatty acid composition of roots and leaves of winter rape plants. Physiologia plantarum, 41, 29-35 (1977). 

The use of yellow seed as well as seed dehulUng could additionally lower the content of secondary plant snbstances, particularly phytic add and phenolics, bnt yeUow (winter rape) seed is not available, and dehuUing is not to be nsed in oil mills by now. 

Peterson, C.L., Auld, D.L., Korns, R.A., 1983. Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines recovery and utihsation. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 60, 1579—1587. 

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