Urinary compounds

Loizi, H. (2004) The development of chemosensory behaviors in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and male responses to female urinary compounds. M.Sc. thesis, Georgia Southern University. 

Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the constituents of the urine of male and female white-tailed deer indicated that the presence and concentration of the urinary compounds depend on the season, reproductive status and social rank of the animals [ 132,133]. Of the 63 and 55 compounds characterized in female and male urine, respectively, 27 were common to both sexes, 36... 

Comparison of the optical rotatory dispersion exhibited by O-/3-d-xylopyranosyl-L-serine isolated from glycosaminoglycans with those of the two synthetic anomers revealed that the natural material has the /3-D anomeric configuration.159 Moreover, the O-D-xylosyl-L-serine present in normal urine also has the /3-d configuration, as had earlier been suggested.190 The origin of the urinary compound is unknown, but it may be a catabolite of certain glycoproteins. 

NPGS for amino acids, bile and urinary compounds, esters, inorganics For hydrocarbons, inorganic and organometallic compounds... 

Quite recently, Schafroth et al. (1994) determined the major urinary compounds of eight common benzodiazepines (flunitrazepam, diazepam, midazolam, clonazepam, bromazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, and lorazepam). The used MEKC with 75 mM SDS in a phosphate-borate buffer (pH 9.3). After enzymatic hydrolysis and extraction with commercial double-mechanism cartridges, the sensitivity was reportedly better than that obtained with the common immunoassay EMIT (enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique). 

The technique can be applied to biological fluids only with some modifications, since the presence of numerous fluorescent urinary compounds does not allow the direct spectrophotofluorometric reading (BlOa). 

Ringoir, S. van Holdre, R. p-Cresol, a urinary compound, enhances the uptake of aluminum in hepatocytes. J. Am. 

Our previous studies established that a 150 ml aliquot is sufficient to elicit chemosensory responses (Scott et al., 1997). For a bioassay series, two 500 ml aliquots—one from a male in musth and the second from a male not in musth—were thawed at 20°C and then subdivided into three equal volumes. These sub-aliquots were subsequently presented to one male at a time, as paired samples, plus the water control for a total of three samples per assay. Thus, presentations were aliquots of musth urine, nonmusth urine, and tap water, a visual control. Logistically we did not have the financial resources to freeze the urine collected at -80°C. Freezing at -20°C certainly maintained the integrity of most bioactive urinary compounds, and the purpose of this study was to compare responses to musth versus nonmusth urine. The tight control... 

We utilized two sampling methods combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify urinary compounds. Our adsorption and absorption sampling and capture techniques allowed us to encompass a substantial molecular weight (MW) range. We spanned in a somewhat selective manner fix)m small compounds such as acetaldehyde (MW = 44) and trimethylamine (MW = 59) up to large ones such as steroids (MW over 300). For the more volatile compounds, evacuated canister capture... 

Ninomiya, K. Kimura, T. 1990. Female-attracting properties of urinary compounds in male mice. Naturwissen-schaften, 77, 586—588. 

Aldehydes and ketones Aromatics Bile and urinary compounds Dru and alkaloids Essential oils Fatty acids Gases... 

Samanidou, V.F. Metaxa, A.S. Papadoyannis, l.N. Direct simultaneous determination of uremic toxins Creatine, creatinine, uric acid, and xanthine in human biofluids by HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002,25 (1), 43 57. Abreo, K. Gautreaux, S. de Smet, R. Vogeleere, P. Ringoir, S. van Holdre, R. p-Cresol, a urinary compound, enhances the uptake of aluminum in hepatocytes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1997, 8 (6), 935-942. 

Analysis of urine samples for the other Be vitamers is difficult due to high concentrations of other interfering compounds present in urine. Ubbink et al. (150) demonstrated that an anion exchange column cleanup procedure was effective in removing interfering urinary compounds. The purified urine extract was then analyzed by cation exchange HPLC and fluorescence detection. Urinary Bg vitamer excretion in a fasting person was below the sensitivity limit of the HPLC procedure used. However, the method was suitable to study urinary Bg vitamer excretion in pharmacokinetic studies of pyridoxine supplementation (150). 

It has been known for a long time that thiosulfate is present in normal human urine, but reliable methods for the determination of fairly low concentrations have not been available. A method based on the precipitation of the nickel-ethylenediamine complex of thiosulfate followed by iodometric determination was reported many years ago, but gives according to our experience unreliable results. We have earlier described a simple colorimetric method for determination of thiosulfate, based on the cyanolysis of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the action of cyanide and cupric ions followed by determination of thiocyanate as its ferric ion complex. Unfortunately, this method is not sensitive enough for direct application to urine and, furthermore, other urinary compounds interfere in the cyanolysis reaction. It may, however, be used for assay of the very... 

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