Whats inside

It s your birthday, and there are many wrapped presents for you to open. Much of the fun is trying to figure out what s inside the package before you open it. in trying to determine the structure of the atom, chemists had a simiiar experience. How good are your skiiis of observation and deduction  

Using as many observation methods as you can, and without unwrapping or opening the box, try to figure out what the object inside the box is. 

Record the observations you make throughout this discovery process. 

How were you abie to determine things such as size, shape, number, and composition of the object in the box What senses did you use to make your observations Why is it hard to figure out what type of object is in the box without actuaiiy seeing it  

Although three suhatomic particles had heen discovered hy the early-1900s, the quest to understand the atom and its structure had really just begun. That quest continues in this chapter, as scientists pursued an understanding of how electrons were arranged within atoms. Perform the DISCOVERY LAB on this page to better understand the difficulties scientists faced in researching the unseen atom. 

---

Control nevertheless is important in science—tremendously so—not as an end but as a component of proof. The ability to control is the strongest possible demonstration of true understanding. Many doubted whether Becquerel, Curie, Bohr, Oppenheimer and the rest really understood what causes what inside the atom. But after July 16, 1945, when the day dawned prematurely to the northwest of Alamagordo, at White Sands, New Mexico, no one could possibly doubt any more, for the atom bomb was plainer than the sun. With a demonstrated abdity to control, the good scientist may sign off hke the mathematician at the end of a proof Quod erat demonstrandum. (Huber 1991)... 

This is another common term used to describe design style. Some designs look a lot better when the color is applied from on the inside of the piece rather than the outside.This is what "inside-out" means. You perform an inside-out coloring job by opening a point in your piece and creating a flare with it for access. Once you add color you simply close the flare up again as described above. 

If 20,000 kg of vinyl chloride is polymerized in a 40-m jacketed reactor with 25 m of the heat transfer area, what overall rate of heat transfer is needed when the reaction takes place in 6 h If the jacket-side coefficient is 6,000 W/m °C and the temperature difference is 40°C, what inside coefficient is necessary Neglect wall resistance. 

The possibility that an even larger impact caused the P T extinction received support when Becker and Poreda found that helium and argon atoms were present in the inner cores of some of the fullerenes from the P T boundary sediments (The cover of this book shows a helium atom inside a mol ecule of Ceo) What is special about the fullerene trapped atoms is that the mixtures of both helium and argon isotopes resemble extraterrestrial isotopic mixtures more than earthly ones The He/ He ratio in the P T boundary fullerenes for example is 50 times larger than the natural abundance ratio... 

Using MRI as a substitute for X ray tomography IS only the first of what are many medical applica tions More he on the horizon If for example the rate of data acquisition could be increased then it would become possible to make the leap from the equivalent of still photographs to motion pictures One could watch the inside of the body as it works— see the heart beat see the lungs expand and con tract—rather than merely examine the structure of an organ... 

Phosphatidylcholine is an important component of cell membranes but cell mem branes are more than simply lipid bilayers Although their composition varies with their source a typical membrane contains about equal amounts of lipid and protein and the amount of cholesterol m the lipid fraction can approximate that of phosphatidylcholine The lipid fraction is responsible for the structure of the membrane Phosphatidyl choline provides the bilayer that is the barrier between what is inside the cell and what IS outside Cholesterol intermingles with the phosphatidylcholine to confer an extra measure of rigidity to the membrane... 

Example 5 Radiation in a Furnace Chamber A furnace chamber of rectangular paraUelepipedal form is heated hy the combustion of gas inside vertical radiant tubes hningthe sidewalls. The tubes are of 0.127-m (5-in) outside diameter on 0.305-m (12-in) centers. The stock forms a continuous plane on the hearth. Roof and end walls are refractory. Dimensions are shown in Fig. 5-20. The radiant tubes and stock are gray bodies having emissivities of 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. What is the net rate of heat transmission to the stock by radiation when the mean temperature of the tube surface is SIG C (1500 F) and that of the stock is 649 C (1200 F) ... 

Introduction Ask any chemical engineer who has had some plant experience what he or she knows about vacuum and the engineer will probably smile and tell some tale about some piece of eqiiip-ment that tried to turn itself inside out. Usually no one was hurt, and often there was no massive leakage—but not always ... 

Thiobacillus thiooxidans is an aerobic organism that oxidizes various sulfur-containing compounds to form sulfuric acid. These bacteria are sometimes found near the tops of tubercles (see Chap. 3, Tubercu-lation ). There is a symbiotic relationship between Thiobacillus and sulfate reducers Thiobacillus oxidizes sulfide to sulfate, whereas the sulfate reducers convert sulfide to sulfate. It is unclear to what extent Thiobacillus directly influences corrosion processes inside tubercles. It is more likely that they indirectly increase corrosion by accelerating sulfate-reducer activity deep in the tubercles. 

What is more important to us is the differential pressure inside the tire compared to outside the tire (atmospheric pressure). For reasons such as these, the world has adopted a second and artificial zero, at atmospheric pressure as a reference point. This is why a simple pressure gauge will read zero at atmospheric pressure. 

See Table opposite for what is happening inside the pump around the internal volute wall. 

Figure 1.3.1a, b illustrates an idea proposed by the author (Berty 1974) the basis for geometric similarity should be what the catalyst sees on the inside, instead of the gross features of a reactor that can be observed from the outside. Identity as well as similarity can be achieved on various scales if the investigator bases the criteria on the direct surroundings of the catalyst where flow, partial pressures, and temperature all are important. 

Assuming that the buoyancy flux parameter F is greater than 55 in both situations, what is the proportional final plume rise for stack A compared to stack B if A has an inside diameter three times that of B ... 

The crucial question that remains to be answered is, of course, what happens to the polypeptide chain inside the closed cis-cavity. Two different... 

In viw PAI and antithrombin are stabilized in their active forms by binding to vitronectin and heparin, respectively. These two serpins seem to have evolved what Max Perutz has called "a spring-loaded safety catch" mechanism that makes them revert to their latent, stable, inactive form unless the catch is kept in a loaded position by another molecule. Only when the safety catch is in the loaded position is the flexible loop of these serpins exposed and ready for action otherwise it snaps back and is buried inside the protein. This remarkable biological control mechanism is achieved by the flexibility that is inherent in protein structures. 

The emission of y rays follows, in the majority of cases, what is known as P decay. In the P-decay process, a radionuclide undergoes transmutation and ejects an electron from inside the nucleus (i.e., not an orbital electron). For the purpose of simplicity, positron and electron capture modes are neglected. The resulting transmutated nucleus ends up in an excited nuclear state, which prompdy relaxes by giving offy rays. This is illustrated in Figure 2. 

Example 2.7 A nylon ring with a nominal inside diameter of 30 mm, an outer diameter of SO mm and a width of S mm is to be made an interference fit on a metal shaft of 30 mm diameter as shown in Fig. 2.17. The design condition is that the initial separation force is to be 1 kN. Calculate (a) the interference on radius needed between the ring and the shaft and (b) the temperature to which the nylon must be heated to facilitate easy assembly. What will be the maximum stress in the nylon when it is in position on the shaft The coefficient of friction between nylon and steel is 0.2S. The short-term modulus of the nylon is 1 GN/m, its Poisson s ratio is 0.4 and its coefficient of thermal expansion is 100 X 10- °C- . 

We now put the cylinder of Example 7.5.4 inside a room with a vertical temperature gradient of 1.5 C/m (see Fig. 7,78). In this case we assume that there are other heat sources in the room. We want to Investigate how this temperature stratification influences the volume flow in the plume above the cylinder, and at what height the plume stops. 

Records soon grow into a mass of paper and occupy valuable floor space. To overcome this problem you may choose to microfilm the records but keep them in the same location or archive them in some remote location. In both cases you need to control the process and the conditions of storage. With paper archives you will need to maintain records of what is where, and if the archive is under the control of another group inside or outside the organization, you will need adequate controls to prevent loss of identity and inadvertent destruction. 

A fire tube contains a flame burning inside a piece of pipe which is in turn surrounded by the process fluid. In this situation, there is radiant and convective heat transfer from the flame to the inside surface of the fire tube, conductive heat transfer through the wall thickness of the tube, and convective heat transfer from the outside surface of that tube to the oil being treated. It would be difficult in such a simation to solve for the heat transfer in terms of an overall heat transfer coefficient. Rather, what is most often done is to size the fire tube by using a heat flux rate. The heat flux rate represents the amount of heat that can be transferred from the fire tube to the process per unit area of outside surface of the fire tube. Common heat flux rates are given in Table 2-11. 

The most common types of errors are probably those that occur because operators treat the computer as a black box, that is, something that will do what we want it to do without the need to understand what goes on inside it. There is no fault in the hardware or software, but nevertheless the system does not perform in the way that the designer or oper-... 

The lipid fraction is responsible for the structure of the membrane. Phosphatidylcholine provides the bilayer that is the banier between what is inside the cell and what is outside. Cholesterol intermingles with the phosphatidylcholine to confer an extra measure of r-igidity to the membrane. 

The inlet gas to a spray tower is at 1600°F. It is piped tlirougli a 3.0 ft inside diameter duct at 25 ft/s to the spray lower. The scrubber cools the gas to 500°F. In order to maintain the velocity of 25 ft/s, what size duct would be required at the outlet of the unit Neglect Uie pressure across the spray lower and any moisture considerations. 

Consider a phospholipid vesicle containing 10 mMNa ions. The vesicle is bathed in a solution that contains 52 mMNa ions, and the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane Ai/t = i/toutskie / inside = —30 mV. What is the electrochemical potential at 25°C for Na ions ... 

What is the amino acid sequence of the fusion protein Where is the junction between /3-galactosidase and the sequence encoded by the insert (Consult the genetic code table on the inside front cover to decipher the amino acid sequence.)... 

These figures illustrate what takes place inside the cylinder during the compressor s operation. When specifying performance, the actual capacity at suction and/or discharge conditions must be specified. 

---