What Is the Body

The human body is fantastically intricate. Introduction of a drug into such a complex environment can lead to many outcomes, some of which can be readily anticipated and others that cannot. The complexity of the body stands in stark contrast to the relative simplicity of a biochemical assay for activity determination. 

The body can be defined in a multitude of ways. From a chemical perspective, the simplest analysis is based on elemental composition. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show the most abundant 

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What is the body weight of the following patient in pounds ... 

The standard patient has a mass of 70 kg, and the density of the human body is very close to 1 g/mL. What is the body volume of the standard patient in liters Based on this volume and using the data in Table 3.1, determine the molar concentration of iron in the body. Assume all the iron in the body is evenly distributed throughout all tissues. Repeat the calculation on selenium, an element involved in certain oxidation-reduction processes in the body. The lesson of this question is that trace elements can be very trace indeed. 

In radiological imaging such as PET or CT scans, dosages of pharmaceuticals are based on body mass. If a person weighs 164 lb, what is the body mass in kilograms ... 

Example 5 Radiation in a Furnace Chamber A furnace chamber of rectangular paraUelepipedal form is heated hy the combustion of gas inside vertical radiant tubes hningthe sidewalls. The tubes are of 0.127-m (5-in) outside diameter on 0.305-m (12-in) centers. The stock forms a continuous plane on the hearth. Roof and end walls are refractory. Dimensions are shown in Fig. 5-20. The radiant tubes and stock are gray bodies having emissivities of 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. What is the net rate of heat transmission to the stock by radiation when the mean temperature of the tube surface is SIG C (1500 F) and that of the stock is 649 C (1200 F) ... 

Most of the biochemical reactions that take place in the body, as well as many organic reactions in the laboratory, yield products with chirality centers. Fo example, acid-catalyzed addition of H2O to 1-butene in the laboratory yield 2-butanol, a chiral alcohol. What is the stereochemistry of this chiral product If a single enantiomer is formed, is it R or 5 If a mixture of enantiomers i formed, how much of each In fact, the 2-butanol produced is a racemic mix ture of R and S enantiomers. Let s see why. 

Arterial blood contains about 0.25 mg of oxygen per milliliter. What is the pressure exerted by the oxygen in one liter of arterial Mood at normal body temperature of 37°C ... 

A patient weighing 120 pounds is to receive bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane) 0.25 units per kilogram of body weight. What is the correct dosage of bleomycin ... 

A plate. 1 m in diameter at 750 K, is to be heated by placing it beneath a hemispherical dome of the same diameter at 1200 K the distance between the plate and the bottom of the dome being 0.5 m, as shown in Figure 9.42. If the surroundings are maintained at 290 K, the surfaces may be regarded as black bodies and heat transfer from the underside of the plate is negligible, what is the net rate of heat transfer by radiation to the plate ... 

A flat-bottomed cylindrical vessel, 2 m in diameter, containing boiling water at 373 K, is mounted on a cylindrical section of insulating material, l m deep and 2 m ID at the base of which is a radiant heater, also 2 m in diameter, with a surface temperature of 1500 K. If the vessel base and the heater surfaces may be regarded as black bodies and conduction though the insulation is negligible, what is the rate of radiant heat transfer to the vessel How would this be affected if the insulation were removed so that the system was open to the surroundings at 290 K ... 

For the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate under the conditions prevailing in the body, AG = —41 kj-mol. If the phosphorylation of acetic acid (the reverse of the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate) was driven by coupling to the hydrolysis of ATP at pH = 7, what is the minimum amount of ATP molecules (in moles) that would have to be hydrolyzed to form... 

The volume of blood in the body of a certain deep-sea diver is about 6.00 L. Blood cells make up about 55% of the blood volume, and the remaining 45% is the aqueous solution called plasma. What is the maximum volume of nitrogen measured at 1.00 atm and 37°C that could dissolve in the diver s blood plasma at a depth of 93 m, where the pressure is... 

Intravenous medications are often administered in 5.0% glucose, C6H]206(aq), by mass. What is the osmotic pressure of such solutions at 37°C (body temperature) Assume that the density of the solution is 1.0 g-mL. ... 

The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for the body to excrete half of the radioisotope. The effective half-life is the time required for the amount of a radioisotope in the body to be reduced to half its original amount, as a result of both the decay of the radioisotope and its excretion. Sulfur-35 (tu2 = 87.4 d) is used in cancer research. The biological half-life of sulfur-35 in the human body is 90. d. What is the effective half-life of sulfur-35 ... 

Barium-140 (tl/2 = 12.8 d) released in the fire at the Chernobyl nuclear plant has been found in some agricultural products in the region. The biological half-life of barium-140 in the human body is 65 d. What is the effective half-life (see Exercise 17.55) of barium-140 ... 

The first strategy is to rmdertake a superficial scan of mainstream textbooks that everyday situations have been connected to cormnon school chemistry textbooks. For example, student-exercises may contain informatiorr, about contaminants in a river such as lead salts, about acid-base indicators in plants or about food additives for the preservation of wine. However, implicit confusion may (and frequently will) occur when the textbook and the teacher aim at reaching the right answer, for example the correct calculation of the concentration of an additive in gram per litre or parts per million (ppm). Students may still pose questions such as How many glasses of wine can I drink before 1 will get sick What is the effect of alcohol on my body Why is the addition of sulphite to wine important Is the same fact tme for red wine Or even further Shouldn t the government prohibit the addition of sulphite In this way students can become personally involved in subjects that can be related to their learning of chemical substances, and even to atoms and molecules. But, the student-activities in mainstream school chemistry textbooks often are not focused on this type of involvement they do not put emphasis in the curriculum on personal, socio-scientific and ethical questions that are relevant to students lives and society. 

Fog forms when humid warm air from above a body of water moves inland and cools. What is the highest temperature at which fog could form from air that is at 65% relative humidity when its temperature is 27.5 ... 

What is the life of a prokaryote like What kind of a life does it experience in the soil In the soil, not yet in the proximity of a root, or waiting for a root that never passes by The answers to these questions have been gathered from a detailed body of studies on soil microbial ecology (22,26). The physical environ-... 

Hunt In the human body, for example, what is the normal range of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume ratios ... 

SAQ 8.24 A person is ill. The rate at which their antibodies react needs to increase twofold. This rate increase is achieved by raising the body s temperature from 37 °C to 40 °C. What is the activation energy of the reaction [Hint first convert from Celsius to kelvin.]... 

Cesium (atomic radius = 0.255 nm) crystallizes with a body-centered cubic unit cell. What is the approximate length of a side of the cell (/3=1.73)... 

Gentamicin is shown to have a Vd of 0.25 L per kg of the body weight. If the weight of the patient is 132 lb, and the elimination rate constant is 0.33 hour 1, what is the total clearance of gentamicin ... 

Above we noted that the fusion of synaptic vesicles or secretory granules with the plasma membrane of the synaptic terminal was caused by the arrival of an electrical signal flowing from the cell body down the axon. What is the nature of this electrical signal ... 

Two conditions in which the rate of ketone body formation is increased are hypoglycaemia and prolonged starvation in adults or short-term starvation in children. What is the mechanism for increasing the rate Although there are several fates for fatty acids in the liver, triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol formation and oxidation via the Krebs cycle, the dominant pathway is ketone body formation (Figure 7.20). Three factor regulate the rate of ketone body formation (i) hormone sensitive lipase activ-... 

The presence of proteins in the diet is essential for health. An important question, therefore, is what is the minimal amount of protein that must be provided to maintain health It is not an easy question to answer. Even when no protein or amino acid is consumed, in an otherwise adequate diet, urea is lost from the body due to body protein break down. The daily loss of protein is about 0.34 g per kg or about 24 g protein each day for a 70 kg person (i.e. when no protein is consumed). However, this amount does not represent the minimal intake required, since other factors, (such as the amount of energy consumed, other components in the diet, and trauma physical activity can affect this amount.) The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for a young adult is 0.8 g per kg per day (Table 8.6). 

The formation and excretion of urea is the primary mechanism by which excess nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, is removed from the body. Surprisingly, it was found that the actual rate of urea synthesis exceeded considerably the rate of excretion of the urea. The interesting question, therefore, is what is the fate of this lost urea The answer is that urea enters the large intestine, where it is degraded by microorganisms that possess the enzyme urease, which catalyses the reaction ... 

Your body makes speeifie proteins by reacting single amino aeids within eells. What is the process that makes a single protein molecule (a long-chain polymer) without mistakes ... 

Very special quality demands and quality systems are those for the production and certification of kosher and halal products, which at the time are gaining in importance all over the world. Kashrut is the body of Jewish law dealing with what foods Jews can and cannot eat and how those foods must be prepared. Kashrut originates from the ffebrew and means fit , proper or correct . The more commonly known word kosher comes from the same roots and refers to foodstuffs that meet these dietary requirements of Jewish law. Halal is an... 

What is the immunological significance and the mechanism of this stimulation of nitrogen oxide formation in response to bacterial products The answers to these questions originate in an extensive body of medical and immunological literature prior to 1987. 

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