What is soap

One of the principal causes of the English Civil War was the sudden imposition of steep taxes on soap, in 1637. The people could not afford to clean themselves, and rioted. 

The word surfactant is an abbreviation of surface-active agent.  

The words hydro-phobic and hydrophilic derive from Greek roots hydro comes from hudoor meaning water and phobic comes from the Greek phobos meaning fear or hate (hence the English word phobia ). The Greek philos means love or friendship. 

We can summarize the principal properties of these aggregates, saying they form spontaneously at a well-defined concentration, the CMC (see p. 516) and adding more monomer to the solution yields more micelles, each colloidal particle having the same size, and ensuring the concentration of free monomer does not change. 

The properties of SDS in dilute solutions generally remind us of a simple ionic solute much like NaCl or KNO3. But above a concentration of 8 x 10-3 mol dm-3 the tensions inherent in the two distinct natures of SDS become apparent, and the SDS becomes a soap. 

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If we wish to start the stoiy where it began, we should travel back in time to an Ancient Age when soap-making was first discovered. What is soap If fats are boiled together with some aqueous alkali for a lengthy time, they will decompose. Chemically, they undergo alkaline hydrolysis (Fig. 2.6). Glycerol and soap are formed in this process soap is a mixture of the sodium (or potassium) salt of different fatly acids. In an ever-popular novel, The Mysterious Island L lle mysterieuse), French science-fiction writer Jules Verne very nicely described that soap could be made even on a deserted island (the movies supposedly based on this novel seldom make a point of this part). 

Errors in written instructions are also systemic, but it is easy for the author to check them, and readers can understand what is meant even though they contain errors in spelling or grammar or are ambiguous. We know what is meant if we are told to save soap and waste paper. 

It takes time for adipocere to form, however, so if insects get to the body and eat the fleshy bits fairly quickly, the process is not likely to take place. But if conditions are right, adipocere can form all over the surface of a body, producing what is commonly called a "soap mummy."... 

Drains run slower and slower as greases, soaps, fats, and detergents build up on the inner walls of drain pipes and eventually cause blockage. What is the chemical action of unclogging drains with household products such as Drano and Liquid-Plumr ... 

What is most amazing of all in this picture is the degree of microscopic order present in a solution that appears quite unexceptional to the imaided eye. Usually, we associate T>eauty and aesthetic appeal with symmetry and regular shapes, just as in the examples of the ordered lamellar phase and lamellar focal conics. However, sometimes also asymmetric shapes have that special quaUty about them that conveys what we call beauty. Figure 4 shows a water-rich foam composed of dish soap with coconut oil. It consists of tightly-packed bubbles of very different sizes that create an asymmetric pattern of astounding beauty [3]. 

What is the main advantage of detergents over soaps ... 

What is the least amount of vinegar that must be mixed with one-and-a-half cups of baking soda to make enough carbon dioxide gas to float soap bubbles ... 

Alkalinity (basicity). Test soap solution no. 5 with a wide-range pH paper. What is the approximate pH of your soap solution Record your answer on the Report Sheet. 

Consult Table 20.2 of your textbook. If com oil is used to make soap, what is the chemical formula of the most abundant soap you formed ... 

The washing-up howl is plastic too but the detergent you put in it belongs to another branch of the chemical industry—companies like Unilever (Britain) or Procter and Gamble (USA) which produce soap, detergent, cleaners, bleaches, polishes, and all the many essentials for the modern home. These products may be lemon and lavender scented but they too mostly come from the oil industry. Nowadays, most products of this kind tell us, after a fashion, what is in them. Try this example—a well known brand of shaving gel along with the list of contents on the container ... 

Superficially, emulsion polymerization resembles suspension polymerization, but there are a number of important differences. Water is used as the continuous phase and heat transfer is very good for both suspension and emulsion polymerization. In contrast to suspension polymerization, the polymer particles produced in emulsion polymerization are on the order of 0.1 xm in diameter.33 Another important difference is the presence of an emulsifying agent or soap. At the beginning of polymerization the soap molecules aggregate together in a group of about 50-100 molecules to form what is called a micelle. Some of the... 

A laundry can purchase soap containing 30.0 wt % water at a price of 7.00 per kg. The same manufacturer offers a soap containing 5.0 wt % water. If the freight rate is 6.00 per 100 kg, what is the maximum price that the laundry should pay the manufacturer for the soap containing 5.0 wt % water Note that the buyer has to pay the freight. 

What is perhaps most significant about Sergei s soap opera analogy is the reminder that the world of the dacha is profoundly paradoxical. Like soap operas, dachas are settings where emotional, social, economic, and... 

X LU f— Z o u Where is the action occurring what is the scope Submit assignments on time Provide attractive soap Start an assignments after school group in the school cafe with free refreshments Reduce number of assignments... 

Problem 22.28 What is the composition of the soap prepared by hydrolysis of this triacylglycerol ... 

What is the difference between the meaning of the terms detergent and soap ... 

What kind of mixture is soap able to form in order to make oil and water soluble ... 

What is the approximate concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution of hand soap ... 

Glycerol is a thick, sweet liquid obtained as a byproduct of the manufacture of soap. Its percent composition is 39.12% carbon, 8.75% hydrogen, and 52.12% oxygen. The molar mass is 92.11 g/mol. What is the molecnlar formula for glycerol ... 

Isolation of Lecithin from Egg-yolk (section 217).— Grind the yolk of one hard-boiled egg with 50 cc. of ether. Filter and wash the solid residue twice with 10 cc. of ether. Evaporate off the ether on the steam-bath, or distil it off from a small flask. Extract the residue twice with hot alcohol, using 10 cc. each time. Pour off the alcohol from the heavy oil through a small filter. Evaporate off the alcohol, dissolve the residue in 10 cc. of cold ether, and add 10 cc. of acetone. Stir until the particles of the precipitated lecithin adhere together and form a ball. Place the latter on a filter-paper. Describe its properties. Boil about one-fourth of the lecithin with about 10 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide. Note the odor of the gas evolved. What is it Cool the solution. Is there any evidence of the formation of a soap Filter, dissolve the precipitate in warm water and add dilute hydrochloric acid to the solution. What is precipitated Test a part of the lecithin for nitrogen and for phosphorus ( 58, 59, 61, page 39). 

The presence of salts of calcium or magnesium in solution can be most undesirable in many finishing processes. These salts are responsible for hardness of water and they lead to the formation of insoluble precipitates with soaps which may be deposited on the goods, causing discoloration. Calcium and magnesium compounds are commonly present as sulphates and chlorides. Bicarbonates produce what is known as temporary hardness sulphates and chlorides are the cause of permanent hardness. 

The next question is what is the molar fraction of soap in the total surfactant Figure 12.17 shows the molar fraction of the generated soap in the total moles of surfactants at different alkali concentrations. It shows that up to 15 wt.% sodium carbonate, the generated soap, is less than half of the total moles of surfactants. In a practical alkaline concentration, the generated soap is less than one third of the total moles of surfactants. 

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