Synthesis of Well-defined Glycopolymers

Spain SG, Gibson MI, Cameron NR (2007) Recent advances in the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 45(ll) 2059-2072... 

Although classical ATRP has been a powerful technique for the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers, the use of toxic Cu ions to control the polymerisation remains a concern for biomedical applications. Tedious purification steps are usually required to remove the catalyst and isolate the pure final glycopolymer. However, considerable efforts have recently been devoted to improving the purification strategies and decrease the amount of copper catalyst used in ATRP systems [86, 87]. Figure 1.7 presents selected examples of glycomonomers polymerised by ATRP. 

Lately, Theato [214] and others [215] have demcmstrated the synthesis of well-defined polymeric activated esters using RAFT polymeiizatiOTi. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one communication, reported by Boyer and Davis [101], on the investigation of this methodology to produce glycopolymers (Scheme 14). 

Architecture. The advent of LRP has allowed the synthesis of cationic copolymers of well-defined architectures, hence allowing a careful analysis of the structure-activity relationship of these polymers. Synthetic linear cationic glycopolymers of statistical, block and block-statistical architectures were prepared by RAFT polymerization and studied for their gene expression profiles, as a function of molecular weight, carbohydrate content as well as architecture. The copolymers of 30-40 kDa and of... 

More recently, the controlled radical polymerization (CRP) by various methods including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), as well as cyano q l-mediated free radical polymerization have allowed chemists to synthesize well-defined glycopolymers that, in some cases, have particular end-group functionalities. A review focuses on the synthesis of original glycopolymers by these techniques and their applications. ... 

Ohno, K., Tsujii, Y., and Fukuda, T. (1998). Synthesis of a well-defined glycopolymer by atom transfer radical pol5merization. J. Polym. ScL, Part A Polym. Chem., 56(14) 2473-2481. 

Ohno K, Tsujii Y, Fukuda T (1998) Synthesis of a well-defined glycopolymer by nitroxide-controlled Ifee radical polymerization. Macromolecules 31(4) 1064—1069... 

Miura Y, Koketsu D, Kobayashi K (2007) Synthesis and properties of a well-defined glycopolymer via living radical polymerization. Polym Adv Technol 18(8) 647-651... 

Li ZC, Liang YZ, Chen GQ, Li EM (2000) Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers with well-defined glycopolymer segment by atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 21(7) 375-380... 

In another study, Shi and co-workers [45] reported the synthesis of the pyridyldisulfide (PDS) functional well-defined glycopolymer by... 

Since the first reported glycopolymer synthesis using the RAFT method (polymerisation of 2-methacryloxyethyl glucoside in aqueous media) by Lowe and co-workers in 2003 [96], several research groups have exploited this technique to prepare well-defined linear... 

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