Waterways and ports

Cleanup of product in the case of hazardous liquid pipelines 

To prevent failures, an aggressive maintenance and integrity program is necessary. 

The United States has more than 7750 commercial water terminals, 192 commercially active lock sites with 238 chambers, and 40,000 km (25,000 miles) of inland, intercoastal, and coastal waterways and canals (14). About 41 states, 16 state capitals, and all states east of Mississippi River are served by commercially navigable waterways (15). Both public and private works associated with waterways and ports have corrosion-related problems in both freshwater and seawater environments. 

Public docks, piers, and bulkheads are mostly owned and maintained by port authorities. These public agencies have stractures in both freshwater and seawater however, most of the larger ports are in marine locations. 

There are also a significant number of private terminals for loading grain and coal owned by shipping companies and railroads. These private terminals are located in both freshwater and marine environments. The large size of most structures at port facilities requires that they be built with steel-reinforced concrete, steel, or a combination of both. The seawater environment is significantly more severe than river or lake waters because of the high chloride content in the seawater. 

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Flow and sediment simulation regulations of inland waterway and port JTJ232-98, Beijing China Communications Press. 

Maritime engineering deals with all aspects of waterway environments. These engineers are concerned with such issues as ocean exploration, design of offshore structures, wave action on coastlines and ports, and the protection of wetlands (Britannica, 2011). 

A Task Committee of the Waterways and Navigation Engineering Committees of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers... 

Waterborne Transport. Despite natural limitations, the transportation of chemicals by water has enjoyed substantial growth, especially siace the ead of World War 11. Assisted by governmental developmeat of the inland waterways system, including locks and other navigational aids, water carriers transport large quantities of bulk chemicals in barges between inland ports or between such ports and coastal ports. In addition, bulk chemicals ate transported by self-propelled tank vessels between U.S. coastal points, and between U.S. ports and overseas destinations. In 1989, 56.1 million metric tons (61.9 million short tons) of chemicals were transported in the U.S. domestic waterborne commerce (16). 

Unlike the United States, countries such as Japan and China are far greater exporters than importers, and they site manufacturing facilities with easy access to waterways. Many of the ports operate as effectively as U.S. ports, but the intermodal operations needed for fast, dependable overland service lag well behind U.S. operations. 

If practicable, a site should be selected that is close to at least two major forms of transport road, rail, waterway (canal or river), or a sea port. Road transport is being increasingly used, and is suitable for local distribution from a central warehouse. Rail transport will be cheaper for the long-distance transport of bulk chemicals. 

Figure 1 Distribution of sampling sites along two major estuarine areas in the Netherlands sample locations at Port of Rotterdam transect (Euromonding including the New Waterway shipping lane) and the Port of Amsterdam (IJmonding...

PIANC (1997) Handling and treatment of contaminated dredged material from ports and inland waterways, Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC), Report of Working Group No. 17, Supplement to Bulletin No. 89. 

TM 9-1904 (cited previously) states, The safest and easiest way to destroy unusable ammunition is to dump at sea. The items disposed of in this manner must be of sufficient weight to sink to the ocean floor. Only at establishments located near a deep sea waterway is this method practicable. Port authorities must be consulted prior to taking explosive materials out to sea... Personnel supervising the loading of boats and barges should be familiar with army regulation no. 55-470. ... 

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