Sediment simulation

Soil simulation test Sediment simulation test... 

Formation du Petrole dan les Sediments Simulation d un Schema Reactionnel sur Ordinateur, Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrole (1969) 24 (4), 470-501. 

The test may also be conducted with natural sediment simulating the conditions in the sediment compartment. Moreover, by sterilizing the samples, the abiotic degradation under the test conditions can be determined. 

Tissot B. (1969) Primieres donnees sur le mecanismes et la cinetique de la formation du petrole dans les sediments simulation d un schema reactionnel sur ordinateur. Revue TInst. Francais du Petrole 24(4), 470-501. 

Flow and sediment simulation regulations of inland waterway and port JTJ232-98, Beijing China Communications Press. 

Tissot, B. Premieres donnes sur les mechanismes et ala cinetique de la formation du petrole dans les sediments. Simulation d un schema rdactionnel sur ordinateu Rev. Inst. Fran. Pet. 1969, 24,470-501. 

Simulation of aerosol processes within an air quaUty model begins with the fundamental equation of aerosol dynamics which describes aerosol transport (term 2), growth (term 3), coagulation (terms 4 and 5), and sedimentation (term 6) ... 

Imperforate Bowl Tests The amount of supernant hquid from spin tubes is usually too small to warrant accurate gravimetric analysis. A fixed amount of shiny is introduced at a controlled rate into a rotating imperforate bowl to simulate a continuous sedimentation centrifuge. The liquid is collected as it overflows the ring weir. The test is stopped when the solids in the bowl build up to a thickness which affects centrate quality. The solid concentration of the centrate is determined similarly to that of the spin tube. 

Mesocosms placed in shallow Finnish lakes were used to evaluate changes brought about by extended incubation of biologically treated bleachery effluent from mills that used chloride dioxide. The mesocosms had a volume of ca. 2 m and were constructed of translucent polyethere or black polyethene to simulate dark reactions. The experiments were carried out at ambient temperatures throughout the year, and sum parameters were used to trace the fate of the organically bound chlorine. In view of previous studies on the molecular mass distribution of effluents (Jokela and Salkinoja-Salonen 1992), this was measured as an additional marker. Important featmes were that (a) sedimentation occurred exclusively within the water mass within the mesocosm, (b) the atmospheric input could be estimated... 

Saski EK, A Vahatalo, K Salonen, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1996b) Mesocosm simulation on sediment formation indnced by biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill wastewater in freshwater recipients. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (Eds MR Servos, KR Munlittrick, JH Carey, and GJ van der Kraak), pp. 261-270. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL. 

An experiment on toluene biodegradation under field and laboratory conditions provided results of value in the design of laboratory simulation experiments, and illustrated the caution required in assessing the fate of contaminants. Experiments were carried out under three conditions (i) in flow-through horizontal columns containing sediment and rocks, (ii) in shaking cultures containing sediments, rocks, or plant material, and (iii) in situ in a contaminated stream (Cohen et al. 1995). There were a number of important conclusions ... 

Scanlon, B.R., et al., Intercode comparisons for simulating water balance of surficial sediments in semi-arid regions, Water Resources Research, 38 (12), 12, 2002. 

HSPF. The Hydrologic Simulation Program (FORTRAN) ( 1, 42) is based on the Stanford Watershed Model. Version 7 of HSPF incorporates the process models of SERATRA in its aquatic section, with several (user-selectable) options for sediment transport computations. HSPF includes the generation of transformation products, each of which is in turn subject to volatilization, phototransformation, biolysis, etc. 

Soil compartment chemical fate modeling has been traditionally performed for three distinct subcompartments the land surface (or watershed) the unsaturated soil (or soil) zone and the saturated (or groundwater) zone of a region. In general, the mathematical simulation is structured around two major cycles the hydrologic cycle and the pollutant cycle, each cycle being associated with a number of physicochemical processes. Watershed models account for a third cycle sedimentation. 

In the area of transport-type models, soil/water systems have been a primary area of development. The Hydrologic Simulation Program (18) described in the paper by Johanson simulates chemical movement and transformation in runoff, groundwater and surface water in contact with soil or sediments. 

The Agricultural Runoff Management (ARM) Model, developed by Hydrocomp Inc. for the U.S.EPA (2 ). It simulates the hydrology, sediment yield, and nutrient and pesticide behavior of the land phase of the hydrological cycle. The same organizations also developed the Non-Point Source (NPS) Model (3) which handles the washoff of miscellaneous pollutants from land surfaces. 

Later some features of the SERATRA Model, developed by Batelle Northwest Laboratories (5 ) were added. This model was designed to simulate the behavior of sediment and associated constituents in streams. It includes processes such as hydrolysis and photolysis and is thus suitable for modeling toxic substances such as pesticides. 

The dominant processes are apparently sediment deposition, sediment burial, volatilization,and deposition with air particles (i.e. dry dustfall and scavenging by rain). It is believed that the concentrations and process rates may be broadly consistent with average conditions in Lake Michigan in the early 1970s. No claim is made that the model simulates Lake Michigan precisely since the Lake has complex heterogeneous water movement and sedimentation. But the general behavior is believed to be correct and, with adjustment of the parameters, a better fit could be obtained. 

With regard to DeBDE, the SFA suggested 186 t is deposited around Guiyu as waste every year. Due to the fact that concentrations of DeBDE in leachate are scarce, the same methodology for estimating emissions from leachate as for the Pb case could not be used. Instead, a range of emission values to water (0-30 kg year-1) were used as input data. Resulting concentrations for sediment and water were then compiled from the different simulations. 

A global sensitivity analysis was performed for the lead concentration in the arterial blood model (Fig. 7) over the simulation period for each parameter. Parameters considered for the sensitivity analysis are listed in Table 8 (Annex 1). The magnitude of sensitivity is shown by relative sensitivity index. It was observed that the most influential parameter is the porosity of the sediment of the river (phi sed)... 

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