Watersheds streams

Warfinge and Sverdrup (1992) and Sverdrup and Warfinge (1995) have developed a comprehensive computer model (PROFILE) to predict the chemistry of soil water, groundwater recharge, and a watershed stream (see also Sverdrup and Warfinge 1993 Jonsson et al. 1995 and Alveteg et at. 

Table IV. Cranberry Lake Watershed Stream Water Quality Data for Period 7/21/78 to 11/16/78...

Table IV summarizes Cranberry Lake watershed stream data for the preiod July 21 to November 16, 1978. During this period alkalinity (CaC03) concentrations ranged fran <1.0 to 14.5 mg/1 with an average value of about 5.1 mg/1. Calcium concentrations of collected stream samples were significantly above open and canopy precipitation concentrations and ranged from 0.06 to 1.8 mg/1 with an average concentration of about 1.3 mg/1. Ifeignesium concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 0.83 mg/1 mean concentration of about 0.6 mg/1 which was approximately equal to the mean magnesium concentration of canopy precipitation v ues.

Caruso BS, Cox LTJ, Runkel RE, Velleux ML, Bencala KE, Nordstrom DK, Julien PY, Butler BA, Alpers CN, Marion A, Smith KS (2008) Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds state of the science and SEPA workshop review. Hydrol Process 22 4011... 

Peterson BJ, Wollheim WM, MuUiolland PJ, Webster JR, Meyer JL, Tank JL, Marti E, Bowden WB, Valett HM, Hershey AE, McDowell WH, Dodds WK, Hamilton SK, Gregory SV, Morral DD (2001) Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams. Science 292 86-90... 

Webster JR, Patten BC (1979) Effects of watershed perturbation on stream potassium and calcium dynamics. Ecol Monogr 49 51-72... 

Frank R, Braun HE, Van Hove Holdrinet M, et al. 1982. Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin V. Pesticide use in 11 agricultural watersheds and presence in stream water, 1975-1977. J Environ Qual ll(3) 497-505. 

Hg(0), PHg, RGHg), wet deposition, throughfall, and litterfall, as discussed in the program to determine total ecosystem deposition (see Section 2.2.8). A summary of the measurements of Hg species that should be made in an intensive watershed Hg monitoring program is provided in Table 2.4. We envision that stream water measurements of total and dissolved THg and total and dissolved MeHg would also be made. 

While an exact number of site clusters has not been proposed, the authors consider from approximately 3 to 10 clusters of sites to be appropriate. These clusters should represent different ecoregions with different ecological characteristics as well as different loadings (both in amount and source) of mercury deposition. Care should be taken to monitor different types of water bodies and watersheds (e.g., seepage lakes, drainage lakes, old reservoirs, rivers, and estuaries). Areas that should be considered as potential cluster site locations include lakes in northern New England/the Adirondacks, lakes in the upper Midwest, rivers and streams in the southeastern coastal plain, lakes in south-central and southeastern Canada, western... 

The Ebro watershed has a large surface area (85,000 km2) and a complex drainage network (a total of 347 streams). The Ebro is a relatively well known river from the point of view of the biological communities composition. Studies exist on the aquatic fauna and flora [3]. However, the functional activity of the river is largely unknown, mostly because of its complexity and associated technical difficulties. This chapter provides a state-of-the art of the who is who in the biological communities in the river, as well as considerations about the threats imposed by habitat deterioration, eutrophication, pollution and species invasions, and indicates the current gaps that still exist in the knowledge of the river. 

South Carolina, watershed of a former reactor effluent stream, 137Cs, 1971 vs. 1981 ... 

Surface water samples were also collected at a number of sites throughout the Ruby Creek watershed although only data collected from active stream flow were utilized here. The surface water data was also categorized into background areas (n=13) and sites downstream from mineralization area (n=21). 

The input of airborne lead to the Forest ecosystems has been studied at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The small catchment approach has been used to study the lead biogeochemical cycle since 1963 (Likens et al., 1977 Driscoll et al., 1994). By monitoring precipitation inputs and stream output from small watersheds that are essentially free of deep seepage, it is possible to constmct accurate lead mass balance. The detailed study of soil and soil solution chemistry and forest floor and vegetation dynamics supplemented the deposition monitoring. 

Figure 25. Temporal pattern of the concentration of Pb in the bio geochemical reference watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA (a) bulk precipitation (b) the forest floor (c) stream water (after Driscoll etal., 1994).

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