Watershed state

Caruso BS, Cox LTJ, Runkel RE, Velleux ML, Bencala KE, Nordstrom DK, Julien PY, Butler BA, Alpers CN, Marion A, Smith KS (2008) Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds state of the science and SEPA workshop review. Hydrol Process 22 4011... 

The Chesapeake Bay is a valued ecological, economic, recreational, cultural and scenic resource. The Bay watershed States and the District of Columbia, in conjunction with the EPA Chesapeake Bay Program, have teamed for the past 20 years to protect and restore the Bay ecosystem. A key component of this effort is water quality and habitat monitoring to assess the impacts of management actions and natural processes, and... 

The Greenman decision was a watershed, and privity-free strict HabiUty in tort swept the country as a tidal wave. In 1965, the American Law Institute embraced the concept in Section 402A, and thousands of decisions cited to the Restatement. Within a decade the decision became the majority rule in the United States in the 1990s all but a tiny minority of states ascribe to it. 

In random samples of soil taken from five Alabama counties, only 3 of 46 soil samples contained methyl parathion. The concentration in these samples was <0.1 ppm (Albright et al. 1974). Aspartofthe National Soils Monitoring Program, soil and crop samples from 37 states were analyzed for methyl parathion during 1972. Methyl parathion was detected in only 1 soil sample, at a concentration of <0.1 ppm and taken from South Dakota, out of 1,246 total samples taken from the 37 states (Carey et al. 1979). In soil and sediment samples collected from a watershed area in Mississippi, methyl parathion was not detected in the soil samples. In three wetland sediment cores, however, measurable concentrations of methyl parathion were detected during application season (Cooper 1991). 

A study of estuarine fish in 21 coastal states conducted from 1972 to 1976 as part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program detected a mean concentration of 47 ppb in 3.9% of the fish tissue samples collected (Butler and Schutzmann 1978). In another study (Cooper 1991), fish collected in a watershed area of Mississippi were analyzed for residues of methyl parathion. Methyl parathion was detected in seven species of fish, with white bass having the greatest mean concentration, at 15.96 ppm. Methyl parathion was found in 3 of the 32 fish samples collected before spraying of methyl parathion and in 12 of the 25 samples of fish collected after methyl parathion spraying. 

The Ebro watershed has a large surface area (85,000 km2) and a complex drainage network (a total of 347 streams). The Ebro is a relatively well known river from the point of view of the biological communities composition. Studies exist on the aquatic fauna and flora [3]. However, the functional activity of the river is largely unknown, mostly because of its complexity and associated technical difficulties. This chapter provides a state-of-the art of the who is who in the biological communities in the river, as well as considerations about the threats imposed by habitat deterioration, eutrophication, pollution and species invasions, and indicates the current gaps that still exist in the knowledge of the river. 

Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, E.N. Leonard, F.A. Puglisi, and A.E. Lemke. 1979. Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from major watersheds of the United States, 1976. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 13 1-11. 

Watershed attributes were determined using Arcview. Watersheds were delineated using the watershed command in ArcView on National Elevation Dataset digital elevation models (DEM) from the United States Geological Survey (USGS,... 

The expected recovery time for lakes enriched by anthropogenic Hg additions varies based on the definition used for recovery. Watershed attributes (e.g., Ag FLI) were found to be important stressors and more highly correlated to TTR than Hg emissions within the State of Michigan. This suggests that a watershed approach should be considered when dealing with the recovery of environmental system and that reducing Hg emissions alone may not result in reduced fluxes of Hg to aquatic systems. 

Vogel JR, Majewski MS, Capel PD (2008) Pesticide in rain in four agricultural watershed in the United States. J Environ Qual 37 1101-1115... 

Hites 1978, 1979). The annual mean concentration of phenol in water from the lower Mississippi River was 1.5 ppb (EPA 1980). River water in an unspecified location in the United States was reported to contain 10-100 ppb of phenol (Jungclaus et al. 1978). Phenol was detected, but not quantified, in a Niagara River watershed (Elder et al. 1981) and in 2 of 110 raw water samples analyzed during the National Organic Monitoring Survey (EPA 1980). In the STORET database, 7% of 2,181 data points for U.S. surface waters were positive for the presence of phenol the mean and range of the reported concentrations were 533 ppb and 0.002-46,700 ppb, respectively (EPA 1988c). 

Capiella, Karen, and Kenneth Brown. (2001). Impervious cover and land use in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Annapolis, MD United States Environmental Protection Agency... 

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