Water-tertiary butyl alcohol

An aqueous solution of TEA represents yet another extreme where the effective hydrophobic interaction dominates the hydrophilic interaction, shifting the 

In a series of recent experimental studies, it has been found that for water-methanol, water-ethanol, and water-TBA binary mixtures, striking dynamic anomalies occur at a low solute concentration range. The anomalies can be captured by spectroscopic techniques. It has been observed that the rotational anisotropy in such systems has a fast component which becomes faster and a slow component which becomes slower with increasing solute concentration. Temperature dependence of the concentration fluctuations was observed for water-TBA 

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The tendency to separate is expressed most often by the cloud point, the temperature at which the fuei-alcohol mixture loses its clarity, the first symptom of insolubility. Figure 5.17 gives an example of how the cloud-point temperature changes with the water content for different mixtures of gasoline and methanol. It appears that for a total water content of 500 ppm, that which can be easily observed considering the hydroscopic character of methanol, instability arrives when the temperature approaches 0°C. This situation is unacceptable and is the reason that incorporating methanol in a fuel implies that it be accompanied by a cosolvent. One of the most effective in this domain is tertiary butyl alcohol, TBA. Thus a mixture of 3% methanol and 2% TBA has been used for several years in Germany without noticeable incident. 

Tertiary butyl alcohol (900 ml., 702 g., 9.47 moles) is dissolved in a solution prepared by mixing 28 ml. (0.50 mole) of concentrated sulfuric acid with 1.5 1. of water in a 5-1. round-bottomed flask (Note 1) equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, gas inlet tube, and two addition burets. One buret is charged with 86 ml. (1 mole) of 11.6iH hydrogen peroxide (Note 2), and the other with a solution of 278 g. (1 mole) of ferrous sulfate pentahydrate and 55.5 ml. (1 mole) of concentrated sulfuric acid in 570 ml. of water (Note 3). The reaction flask is swept out with nitrogen and cooled to 10° by means of an ice bath. Stirring is commenced and the two solutions are added simultaneously and equivalently over a period of 20 minutes. The temperature is held below 20°. 

A solution of 7.5 grams of retroprogesterone in 500 ml of freshly distilled tertiary butyl alcohol was refluxed with 12.75 grams of finely powdered chloranil, while stirring, for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling, 2 liters of water were added and extraction was performed three times with 200 ml of methylene dichloride. The combined extracts were then diluted with 1 liter of petroleum ether (40°-60°C) washed successively with 100 ml of diluted Na2S04, four times with 75 ml of 1 N NaOH, and then water to neutral reaction. 

De Luca et al. [1.48] showed, that the addition of 5 % tertiary butyl alcohol (tBA) to aqueous sucrose and lactose solutions (up to 40 %) resulted in a frozen matrix, which could be easily freeze dried. De Luca demonstrated by DSC that the melting point rose distinctly (with 60 % solution to -10 °C), but the endothermic of melting returned to 25 %, indicating that not much water had frozen. In solutions with 5 % tBA the exothermic of crystallization became more visible and the melting of tBA could be recognized. 

Kasrajan, K., De Lucca, P. O. Thermal analysis of tertiary butyl alcohol-water system and its implication on freeze-drying. Pharm. Res. 12 (4), p. 484—90, 1995... 

G. B. Dutt, S. Doraiswamy and N. Periasamy, Molecular dynamics of polar dye probes in tertiary-butyl alcohol-water mixtures,/. Chem. Phys. 94, 5360-5368 (1991). 

Isobutylene is the most chemically reactive of the butylene isopiers. If the objective is just to get the isobutylene out of the C4 stream, it can be removed by reaction with methanol (CH3OH) to make MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether), by reaction with water to make TBA (tertiary butyl alcohol), by polymerization, or by solvent extraction. After that, butene-1 can be removed by selective adsorption or by distillation. That leaves the butene-2 components, together with iso- and normal butane, which are generally used as feed to an alkylation plant. 

Zhang, C.M., Adesina, A. A., and Wainwright, M.S. Solubility studies of isobutene in tertiary butyl alcohol-t water mixtures,/ Chem. Eng. Data, 47(6) 1476-1480, 2002. 

Buffer solution - dissolve 6.0 g ferric nitrate, Fe(N03)3.9FH20, and 0.15 g silver nitrate, AgNOj, in water and make up to 100 ml add this to a solution of 5.0 g potassium acetate in 500 ml glacial acetic acid in a 2-1 beaker and stir to mix. Add 400 ml 2-methylpropan-2-ol (tertiary butyl alcohol, (CH3)3C0H this solidifies s25.5°C, therefore it may need warming to melt before use), and stir to mix. Store in a brown glass bottle. 

A pilot-scale Rayox system, which included a GAC treatment component, was installed at the Charnock Wellfleld site in Santa Monica, California. Groundwater at the site was contaminated with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). Capital costs for the proposed 3500 gpm full-scale system are projected to be 4 million to 5 million. These costs do not include expenses associated with installing the technology or purchasing property to house the system (40,000 ft are required). Operating costs are projected to be 1.50 to 1.75 per 1000 gal of water treated (D22276E, pp. 50, 51). 

J. B. Ott, J. R. Goates and B. A. Waite, (Solid + Liquid) Phase Equilibria and Solid-Hydrate Formation in Water + Methyl, + Ethyl, + Isopropyl, and + Tertiary Butyl Alcohols, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 11, 739-746 (1979). 

To obtain the 7(a)-isomer of 7,17-dimethyltestosterone the crystalline mixture of the 7 stereoisomers of 7,17-dimethyltestosterone was refluxed in tertiary butyl alcohol with recrystallized chloranil under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was concentrated under a fast stream of nitrogen, diluted with methylene chloride and the solution washed with dilute sodium hydroxide, water and then dried, filtered and the solvent removed. The residue, was combined with the product from an identical run and chromatographed through a magnesium silicate column developed with solvent of the following composition and order two each of hexane hydrocarbons (Skellysolve B), hexanes plus 4% acetone, hexanes plus 8% acetone, hexanes plus 12% acetone, hexanes plus 14% acetone, hexanes plus 16% acetone, hexanes plus 18% acetone, hexanes plus 20% acetone, hexanes plus 24% acetone, hexanes plus 28% acetone, and two of acetone. 

Nirmalakhandan, N.N., Speece, R.E. (1988b) QSAR model for predicting Henry s constant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22(11), 1349-1357. Novak, J.T., Goldsmith, C.D., Benoit, R.E., O Brien, J.H. (1985) Biodegradation of methanol and tertiary butyl alcohol in subsurface systems. Water Sci. Technol. 17, 71-85. 

Parks, G.S., Barton, B. (1928) Vapor pressure data for isopropyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 50, 24—50. Pasanen, M., Uusi-Kyyny, R, Pokki, J.-R, Pakkanen, M., Aittamaa, J. (2004) Vapor-hquid equilibrium for 1-propanol -1- 1-butene, -1- cis-2-butene, -1- 2-methyl-1-propene, -1- fra i-2-butene, -1- -butane, and -1- 2-methyl-propane. J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 1628-1634. Petriris, V.E., Geankopolis, C.J. (1959) Phase equilibrium in 1-butanol-water-lactic acid system. J. Chem. Eng. Data 4, 197-198. Pitter, P. (1976) Determination of biological degradability of organic substances. Water Res. 10, 231. 

A simplified flow sheet of the isobutane peroxidation process is shown in Figure 6 [10]. Isobutane and high purity oxygen are reacted in the oxidation reactor at approximately 250°F and 500 psig. This reaction proceeds without catalyst in a mixture of water and tertiary butyl alcohol. It is highly exothermic and in order to maintain a relatively constant reactor temperature the heat of reaction is removed by vaporization and condensation of the TBA and water mixture. Isobutane is separated from tertiary butyl hydroperoxide and recycled to the oxidation reactor. 

The bottoms from the propylene oxide distillation column contains tertiary butyl alcohol, high molecular weight organic by-products, and catalyst. The catalyst is recovered and returned to the epoxidation reactor. The TEA is separated from the organic by-products, dehydrated to isobutylene, and distilled to separate the isobutylene from water. The isobutylene is sent to storage. 

Staining procedure When dry, invert into a drop of 1.0% acetic orcein (0.5 g orcein in 45 ml glacial acetic acid reflux % hr, add 55 ml distilled water while warm, reflux % hr, let stand 24 hr, filter, and filter fresh before using) on a clean slide, suck out excess out excess stain with filter paper, and seal with Kroenig s cement. If permanent slides are desired treat dry coverslip preparation in following sequence 1.0% acetic orcein (30 min), 45% acetic acid (dip until free of excess stain), tertiary butyl alcohol equal equal xylene (1 min), xylene (1 min), xylene (1 min), and invert wet into Permount (thinned with xylene) on clean slide. 

Dutt GB, Doraiswamy S, Periasamy N. Molecular reorientation dynamics of polar dye probes in tertiary-butyl alcohol—water mixtures. J Chem Phys. 1991 94(8) 5360. http // dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460521. 

A very large market for such chemical as tertiary butyl alcohol may open if lead antiknock additives are reduced in gasoline blends. Alcohols (methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl-alcohol) and ethers (methyltertbutylether) are among these components which can be used to boost octane number. Their synthesis will involve addition of water or alcohols to olefins. This can be realized in three phase systems. 

JB Ott, JR Goates, BA Waite. (Solid-I-liquid) phase equilibria and solid-hydrate formation in water-I-methyl, -I-ethyl, -I-isopropyl, -I-tertiary butyl alcohols. J Chem Thermodyn 11 739-746, 1979. 

Tertiary-butyl alcohol is commonly used as a co-solvent in gasoline/ methanol blends and as an oxygenate and octane booster by itself. It is predominantly produced from isobutene, but may also be a product of fermentation reactions [15], It is biodegradable in the environment, and is infinitely soluble in water. 

The monohydric alcohols have densities and surface tensions similar to many aliphatic ketone solvents. The alcoholic solvents afford a wide range of evaporation rates and excellent solvency for various resins and polymeric compositions. The four lowest molecular weight alcohols are completely miscible with water and with most other organic solvents. Tertiary butyl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol are also completely soluble in water. Many of the alcohols form minimum boiling-point azeotropes with water. 

Two examples may be.given to prove this point binary mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol respectively with water were mixed with excess of water and distilled with the following results... 

Tertiary Butyl Alcohol and Water with Benzene.-Take, for example, the case of tertiary butyl alcohol and water. This alcohol is a crystalline solid, melting at 25 53 and boiling at 82 55 when liquefied, it is miscible with water in all pro-... 

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