Preparatory steps

Other Baths. Other forms of 2inc plating are also in use. Immersion 2inc deposits are used as a preparatory step in electroless plating or electroplating of aluminum (146), magnesium (147), and beryUium (148) alloys. Formulations vary with the appHcation typical baths are Hsted in the references cited. 

Filtration may also serve as the preparatory step for the operation following it. The latter stages may be drying or incineration of solids, concentration or direct use of the filtrate. Filtration equipment must be selected on the basis of their ability to deliver the best feed material to the next step. Dry, thin, porous, flaky cakes are best suited for drying where grinding operations are not employed. In such cases, the cake will not ball up, and quick drying can be achieved. A clear, concentrated filtrate often aids downstream treatment, whereby the filter can be operated to increase the efficiency of the downstream equipment without affecting its own efficiency. 

A description of the preparatory steps before chromatography is performed from an integral part of the complete documentation. A record is necessary of the... 

The preparatory steps to be taken to prepare the product for processing... 

The following preparatory steps should be taken before attempting to align a machine train ... 

Solid materials require special techniques prior to or during addition to diets. Materials that are soluble in water may be dissolved and added as described above for liquids. Non-water-soluble materials may require several preparatory steps. The test chemical may be dissolved in com oil, acetone, or other appropriate vehicle prior... 

Cleanup a preparatory step following extraction of a sample medium designed to remove components that may interfere with subsequent analytical measurements. 

It is known that the structures present in a polymer reflect the processing variables and that they greatly influence the physical and mechanical properties. Thus, the properties of polymeric materials are influenced by their chemical composition, process history, and the resulting morphology. Morphological study usually requires two preparatory steps prior to the study itself selection of instrumental techniques and development of specimen preparation techniques. Structural observations must be correlated with the properties of the material in order to develop an understanding and applications of the material. Figure 22.1 illustrates the types of optical microscope (OM) techniques commonly used to examine polymer specimens [2]. 

The usual way to proceed with a promising TOA is to write a full business plan as a preparatory step to doing the startup. Normally, TOAs do not contain sufficient market, financial, executive team, corporate structure, or corporate operational detail to launch a new business, and writing a formal business plan starts from tlie TOA and adds the necessary detail. 

Gonzalez de Llano et al. (47) separated amino acids from low-molecular-weight peptides by means of size-exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-10, with water as the solvent, as a preparatory step before RP-HPLC analysis of peptides from blue cheeses soluble in 5% PTA (Fig. 1). This technique has also been used (51a) to eliminate the amino acids from the ethanol-... 

Antibody capture of viruses can be used as a preparatory step in nucleic acid amplification techniques. Immunocapture of virus particles can be used to streamline and/or optimize the concentration, purification and specificity requirements of polymerase chain reaction assays. 

Contamination of the sample with the analyte and/or losses of the analyte from the sample are the most important systematic errors that can occur during preparatory steps such as53... 

Roasting furnaces are in a class of reactors used by the metallurgical industry in a preparatory step for the conversion of ores to metals. There are three widely used roasted furnaces multiple hearth, fluidized bed, and flash roasters. In the multiple hearth configuration hot gases pass over beds of ore concentrate. The flash roaster injects pulverized ore with air into a hot combustion chamber. The fluidized bed roaster operates as described in a separate heading. 

The bottom reaction of Figure 14.26 shows an oxidative cleavage of the same menthone with the opposite regiochemistry. In a preparatory step, menthone is converted into the silyl enol ether B via its kinetic enolate (cf. Figure 10.9). The C=C double... 

Size fractionation is a very important preparatory step in mineralogical analysis and it is essential to know the particle size characteristics of material being analysed if results are to be reproducible. Preparation for most samples therefore begins with disaggregation and/or grinding. However, it must be emphasised that clay minerals can be easily damaged by mechanical treatment and it should be kept to a minimum. Samples may be mixed with a volatile inert organic liquid (e.g. isopropyl alcohol) prior to... 

Neutralizing treats the pH level of a wastewater flow. Although most people do not think of pH as a pollutant, it is in fact designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (ERA) as such. Since many subsequent treatment processes are pH-dependent, neutralization can be considered as a preparatory step in the treatment of all pollutants. 

Synthesis Gas Production. As a preparatory step towards Chemicals production from the gasification of wood, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the processing sequence required in the production of synthesis gas. Four key items were reviewed,... 

Generically, sample preparation in bottom-up proteomics involves the solubilization of proteins from the biological source, protein fractionation, subsequent enzymatic digestion of the proteins, and separation of the resulting peptides. Unique enrichment techniques can be applied in many of these preparatory steps (Figure 5). 

The key steps in prequalification are summarized in Fig. 1. Detailed descriptions of the different steps are given below. The preparatory steps of drafting a documentation system, including confidentiality agreements, declaration of conflict of interest, SOPs and guidelines, are described in Module 1. 

Analytes may be quantitated using an internal standard or by the method of standard addition. An internal standard is a structural analog (e.g. deuterium-labeled compound), a known amount of which is added to specimens prior to any preparatory steps such as extraction or hydrolysis. Ideally, the internal standard should be as chemically similar to the analyte of interest as possible, so that throughout the analytical procedure (e.g. extraction, chromatographic separation and ionization processes) and under the specified conditions (e.g. derivatization), its recovery will be similar to the analyte s. The concentration of analyte can then be determined from the ratio of the analyte response to the internal standard response. 

The addition of an internal standard is advantageous because detection of the internal standard ensures that the extraction step successfully recovered analyte (if present). Any losses associated with preparatory steps are not critical, because this procedure relies on the ratio of concentrations, not absolute concentration. 

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