Water solubilities for

In contrast, disilicate glasses containing U 4+ showed much less leach resistance. The 4+ glass was only slightly more leach resistant than pure sodium disilicate glass which is water soluble. For 4+ glasses, the ph of the leach solution... 

As already reported in Table 6, the solubility of phosphazene polymers is strongly influenced by the nature of the substituent groups attached at the phosphorus atoms along the -P=N- skeleton. Water-solubility, for instance, can be induced in polyphosphazenes by using strongly polar substituents (e.g. methylamine [84], glucosyl [495], glyceryl [496], polyoxyethylene mono-methylether [273] or sulfonic acid [497,498] derivatives), or may be promoted by acids or bases when basic (amino substituents like ethylamine [499]) or acid (e.g. aryloxy carboxylate [499] or aryloxy hydroxylate [295]) substituents are exploited. 

DMSO is much less of a good solvent for the poorly water-soluble brickdust compound because the breaking of a strong inter-molecular crystal lattice is pretty well unchanged whether the solvent is water or DMSO. The breaking of the strong crystal lattice is the primary cause of poor water solubility for the pure brickdust compound. The further a poorly water-soluble compound is into the brickdust camp, the less effective is DMSO as a solvent. 

Water Solubilities for Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluid Components... 

Most of the molecules introduced in this chapter are hydrophobic. Even those molecules that have been functionalized to improve water-solubility (for example, CCVJ and CCVJ triethyleneglycol ester 43, Fig. 14) contain large hydrophobic structures. In aqueous solutions that contain proteins or other macromolecules with hydrophobic regions, molecular rotors are attracted to these pockets and bind to the proteins. Noncovalent attraction to hydrophobic pockets is associated with restricted intramolecular rotation and consequently increased quantum yield. In this respect, molecular rotors are superior protein probes, because they do not only indicate the presence of proteins (similar to antibody-conjugated fluorescent markers), but they also report a constricted environment and can therefore be used to probe protein structure and assembly. 

The VolSurf approach was used to correlate the 3D molecular descriptors by utilizing the water solubilities for as many compounds as could be found. Although over 2000 solubility values were identified, many showed contradictory results (both low and high values published). Moreover, some of the estimations had not been made by the authors and the original reference was not reported, while others were simply wrong, having not been measured under the standard conditions required. From the 2000 compounds, about 850 were carefully selected in addi-... 

In addition, the PEG-based heterobifunctional crosslinkers described in Chapter 18, Section 2, provide enhanced water-solubility for antibody conjugation applications. Conjugation of antibody molecules using a maleimide-PEG -NHS ester compound actually increases the solubility of the antibody and may help to maintain stability for certain sensitive monoclonals better than the traditional aliphatic crosslinkers. The methods described below for SMCC may be used with success for PEG-based reagents or other maleimide-NHS ester heterobifunctionals. 

Muller, M., Klein, W. (1992) Comparative evaluation of methods predicting water solubility for organic compounds. Chemosphere 25, 769-782. 

Prokop A, Hunkeler D, DiMari S, Haralson MA, Wang TG (1998) Water Soluble for Immunoisolation I Complex Coacervation and Cytotoxicity Advances in Polymer Science... 

The first porphyrinylsugar derivatives prepared by Frank and co-workers, the bis(D-glucosyl)isohematoporphyrin 2a and bis(D-galactosyl)isohemato-porphyrin 3a, exhibit an unusual water solubility for a porphyrin derivative and also maintain the photophysical properties of their precursor 1, namely singlet oxygen production.11... 

As shown in Table 5.5.1,15% of the silicone surfactants annually used were disposed of via wastewater treatment plants [6], but no studies have addressed their fate or persistence in this environmental compartment. Due to the hydrolytic instability and tendency for sorption to surfaces, it is generally thought that limited persistence of the parent molecule in aqueous systems should occur. Consequently more attention has been focused on interactions with solid media such as that resulting from direct application as agricultural adjuvants, and in re-use of sludge. Increased water solubility for the degradation products of trisiloxane surfactants has, however, been observed [10,12,15], demonstrating the need to also monitor the... 

The precise mechanism of 1,4-dichlorobenzene oxidation to 2,5-dichlorophenol has not thoroughly been investigated. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is known to be metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (Azouz et al. 1955 Hawkins et al. 1980) in order to be presented to phase II metabolic pathways to increase its water solubility for excretion. A proposed metabolic pathway involving cytochrome P-450 with intermediate formations of metabolites has been outlined for 1,4-dichlorobenzene (Den Besten et al. 1992). No... 

Mitochondrial system The function of the mitochondrial cyto chrome P450 monooxygenase system is to participate in the hydroxylation of steroids, a process that makes these hydropho bic compounds more water soluble. For example, in the steroid hormone-producing tissues, such as the placenta, ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortex, it is used to hydroxylate intermediates in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones. The liver uses this system in bile acid synthesis (see p. 222), and the kidney uses it to hydroxylate vitamin 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D, see p. 384) to its biologically active 1,25-hydroxylated form. 

Muller, M., and W. Klein, Comparative Evaluation of Methods Predicting Water Solubility for Organic Compounds. Chemosphere, 1992 25, 769-782. 

Betaine(Trimethyl Glycine Trimethyl Glycocoll or Trimethyl Amino-Acetic Acid), (CH3)aIsI.CHg.CO.O or (CH3)3fo.CH2.CO.O mw 117.15, N 11.96%, OB to COz-184.4%. Prisms(from ale), mp 293°(decomp) sol in w in ale insol in ether occurs in plants (usually together with choline) and in some sea animals. Can be prepd by methylation of amino-acetic acid or by other methods. Betaine has been used in org synthesis to render various compds water-soluble. For instance, Girard s reagent(which is a deriv of betaine) is used to prepare water-sol derivs of insol ketones and aIdehydes(Ref 2,p 510) Betaine forms additive compds with acids and salts, some of them explosive (See below)... 

They are sweet to taste and are water soluble (for example, glucose). 

It must be emphasised that the particular region (that of the member containing four carbon atoms) of water solubility for many homologous series is determined by the arbitrary proportions of solute and solvent defined in the previous general discussion. The limit would be elsewhere for a different ratio of solute to solvent. 

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