Water Salmonella

Sample size for each test adjusted to represent the accumulated components from 15 L of water. Salmonella fyphimurium strains, TA98, TAIOO, TA1535, TA1537 and TA 1538 were used. Each sample was tested with and without the addition of microsomal fraction of activated rat liver designated S-9. 

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2000b) Water Quality - Determination of the Genotoxicity of Water and Waste Water - Salmonella Microsome Test, ISO 16240. ISO, Paris. 

Poultry, susceptible to microbiological deterioration, is an excellent substrate for Salmonella. Therefore, the temperature is reduced as rapidly as possible after slaughter. Packagiag at factory level is in soft film, ie, low density polyethylene or plastici2ed PVC, which retards water-vapor loss and permits oxygen entry. 

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Gaertner JP, Garres T, Becker JC et al (2009) Temporal analyses of Salmonellae in a headwater spring ecosystem reveals the effects of precipitation and runoff events. J Water Health 7 115-121... 

When methyl parathion was tested in Salmonella typhimurium, eontradictory results were reported with or without using metabolie aetivation (Rashid and Mumma 1984 Shigaeva and Savitskaya 1981 Waters... 

Salmonella typhimurium/plate Reverse mutation — — Waters et al. 1982 ... 

Bismuth sulphite agar. This medium was developed in the 1920s for the identification of Salmonella typhi in water, faeces, urine, foods and pharmaceutical products. It consists of a buffered nutrient agar containing bismuth sulphite, ferrous sulphate and brilliant green. 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

Waage, A. S. Vardund, T. Lund, V. Kapperud, G. Detection of low numbers of Salmonella in environmental water, sewage and food samples by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87, 418 128. 

Results from experiments using the protocol above27 have shown that anti-Salmonella immunomagnetic beads could be used to unambiguously determine the presence of Salmonella choleraesuis from suspensions of bacterial mixtures. This target organism was also positively identified from spiked samples of river water, human urine, chicken blood, and 1 % milk. For the river water and urine samples, no cross-reactivity was observed and only protein... 

Figure 14.7 Immuno-separated Salmonella choleraesuis from (a) river water, (h) human urine, and (c) chicken blood.

Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle M P, Phatak, S C, Millner P and Jiang X (2004a), Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium on lettuce and parsley and in soils which they were grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts on irrigation water , Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1 (1), 27-35. 

Another important factor to be considered is the effect of temperature in the washing process. Chlorine has its maximum solubility at 4 °C, but it has been shown that the chlorinated washing water should ideally have a temperature that is at least 10 °C higher than that of the product. Results from a study by Zhuang et al. (1995) showed that a significantly higher number of Salmonella cells was taken up by the core tissue when tomatoes at a temperature of 25 °C were dipped in a chlorine solution held at 10 °C. 

Ultrasound (US) disrupts biological structures and may lead to death when applied with sufficient intensity (Betts and Everis, 2005). The use of ultrasound to disinfect fruit and vegetables has not been described frequently in the literature. The results from a study by Seymour et al. (2002) indicated that a combination of ultrasound and chlorinated water reduced the numbers of both Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli from iceberg lettuce. However, the authors concluded that the cost of such a method is high and that the combination does not completely remove pathogens from fresh produce. Therefore, this is probably not a well-suited alternative method for the decontamination of fruit and vegetables. 

Yu H., Bruno J.G., Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples, Appl. Environ. Micro. 1995 62 587-592. 

Microbial contamination, especially by salmonellas, is a risk when sprouts are produced commercially for human consumption. For recombinant protein production, seeds can be washed with water and surface-sterilized using hypochlorite solution. Sprouts can also be surface-sterilized during sprouting, by the addition of mild hypochlorite solution directly into the growth medium. Eventually, the hypochlorite is diluted out with pure water or growth medium. In our experiment on plate count agar [28], the sprouts showed no bacterial growth after sterilization with 1% sodium hypochlorite. 

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