Water organic chemicals

Colorado Ground water organic chemical standard 6 CO Dept, of Public Health Env. 1999... 

Metal organic decomposition (MOD) is a synthesis technique in which metal-containing organic chemicals react with water in a nonaqueous solvent to produce a metal hydroxide or hydrous oxide, or in special cases, an anhydrous metal oxide (7). MOD techniques can also be used to prepare nonoxide powders (8,9). Powders may require calcination to obtain the desired phase. A major advantage of the MOD method is the control over purity and stoichiometry that can be achieved. Two limitations are atmosphere control (if required) and expense of the chemicals. However, the cost of metal organic chemicals is decreasing with greater use of MOD techniques. 

Methanol (qv) is one of the 10 largest volume organic chemicals produced in the wodd, with over 18 x 10 t of production in 1990. The reactions for the synthesis of methanol from CO, CO2, and H2 are shown below. The water gas shift reaction also is important in methanol synthesis. 

M. ModeU, "Detoxification and Disposal of Hazardous Organic Chemicals by Processing with Supercritical Water," Pinal Report, U.S. Medical Research and Development Command, 1985. 

Sodium iodide [7681-82-5] Nal, mol wt 149.92, mp 662°C, 84.66% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is used in photography, for the production of organic chemicals, and as an expectorant in cough medicines. Nal is separated by addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to an acidic iodide solution (see also Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents). 

The octanol—water partition coefficient, which is used as an iadicator of the tendency of an organic chemical to accumulate ia living tissue, was low. This iadicates that naphthalene is unlikely to accumulate ia the body. 

Makeup. Makeup treatment depends extensively on the source water. Some steam systems use municipal water as a source. These systems may require dechlorination followed by reverse osmosis (qv) and ion exchange. Other systems use weUwater. In hard water areas, these systems include softening before further purification. Surface waters may require removal of suspended soHds by sedimentation (qv), coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. Calcium may be reduced by precipitation softening or lime softening. Organic contaminants can be removed by absorption on activated carbon. Details of makeup water treatment may be found in many handbooks (22—24) as well as in technical Hterature from water treatment chemical suppHers. 

Bioremediation. Bioremediation has great appeal. It is a natural process that degrades hazardous organic chemicals into innocuous carbon dioxide and water or nonhazardous byproducts and it is often less expensive and more effective than pump and treat methods. Articles on bioremediation appear regularly in environmental journals and the U.S. EPA has its own regular series of reports on current activities called "Bioremediation in the Pield."... 

M. W. Kemblowski and co-workers, "Fate and Transport of Residual Hydrocarbon in Ground Water A Case Study," Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, presented at the conference and exposition. National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, Nov. 17—19, 1987. 

Caprolactam, mol wt 113.16, is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline soHd at ambient temperature, with a characteristic odor. It is very soluble in water and in most common organic solvents and is sparingly soluble in high molecular weight aUphatic hydrocarbons. Molten caprolactam is a powerful solvent for polar and nonpolar organic chemicals. Selected physical properties and solubiUties of caprolactam are Hsted in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 

Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Eemoval of Volatile Organic Chemicals from Potable Water—Technologies and Costs, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, N.J., 1986, pp. 23-40. 

Industrial ethanol is one of the largest-volume organic chemicals used in industrial and consumer products. The main uses for ethanol are as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals (Table 8) and as a solvent. As a solvent, ethanol is second only to water. Ethanol is a key raw material in the manufacture of dmgs, plastics, lacquers, poHshes, plasticizers, perfumes, and cosmetics. Around 1960, manufacture of ethanol was the top consumer of ethylene in the United States, but since 1965 it has rated below manufacture of ethylene oxide and polyethylene. 

For water, organic and water-organic metal salts mixtures the dependence of integral and spectral intensities of coherent and non-coherent scattered radiation on the atomic number (Z), density, oscillator layer thickness, chemical composition, and the conditions of the registering of analytical signals (voltage and tube current, tube anode material, crystal-analyzer) was investigated. The dependence obtained was compared to that for the solid probes (metals, alloys, pressed powder probes). 

TXRF is an ideal tool for microanalysis [4.21]. The analytical merits are that TXRF has a broad range of linearity (lO -lO atoms cm ) and it is extremely surface-sensitive and matrix-independent. TXRF can be applied to a great variety of different organic and inorganic samples such as water, pure chemicals, oils, body fluids and tissues, suspended matters, etc., down to the picogram range. 

Organic Chemicals MCLG (mg/L f MCL or TTi (rng/L) Potential Health Effects from Ingestion of Water Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water... 

---