Water, mineral, analysis

Water analysis for drinking-water supplies is concerned mainly with pollution and bacteriological tests. For industrial supplies a mineral analysis is of more interest. Table 2.11 includes a typical selection and gives some indication of the wide range that can be found. 

Leoni [366] observed that in the extraction preconcentration of organochlo-rine insecticides and PCB s from surface and coastal waters in the presence of other pollutants such as oil, surface active substances, etc., the results obtained with an absorption column of Tenax-Celite are equivalent to those obtained with the continuous liquid-liquid extraction technique. For non-saline waters that contain solids in suspension that absorb pesticides, it may be necessary to filter the water before extraction with Tenax and then to extract the suspended solids separately. Analyses of river and estuarine sea waters, filtered before extraction, showed the effectiveness of Tenax, and the extracts obtained for pesticide analysis prove to be much less contaminated by interfering substances than corresponding extracts obtained by the liquid-liquid technique. Leoni et al. [365] showed that for the extraction of organic micro pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from waters, the recoveries of these substances from unpolluted waters (mineral and potable waters) when added at the level of 1 xg/l averaged 90%. 

By comparison with many other silicate minerals, isotope studies of natural clays are complicated by a number of special problems related to their small particle size and, hence, much larger specific surface area and the presence of interlayer water in certain clays. Surfaces of clays are characterized by 1 or 2 layers of adsorbed water. Savin and Epstein (1970a) demonstrated that adsorbed and interlayer water can exchange its isotopes with atmospheric water vapor in hours. Complete removal of interlayer water for analysis with the total absence of isotopic exchange between it and the hydroxyl group, may not be possible in all instances (Lawrence and Taylor 1971). 

A wide variety of samples can be handled, including petroleum, minerals, and air and water (pollution analysis). Amounts of materials approaching the nanogram range can be handled, although, of course, the accuracy drops into the percent range rather than the ppt range usual for coulometric work. 

An electronic tongue consisting of potentiometric sensors was developed for the qualitative analysis of natural waters [61]. An array containing a series of electrodes (Ru02, C, Ag, Ni, Cu, Au, Pt, Al, Sn, Pb, and graphite) was used to investigate seven samples of mineral water, tap water, and osmotized water. Qualitative analysis of the samples of water was done by fuzzy neural networks with a differentiation accuracy of 93%. 

Water quality changes during the drainage period of drill hole FO2.S2 During the drainage period of drill hole F02 S2, the water quality analysis FOj 2 showed its quality type is SO/ -Ca +Mg2+ type with PH of 7.0-7.0, mineralization degree of 1912.22-2042.79 mg/L and water temperature of 32 °C. 

Moran, R. 1998. Cyanide Uncertainties, Observations on the Chemisty, Toxicity, and Analysis of Cyanide in Mining-Related Waters, Mineral Policy Center, MPC Issue Paper No. 1, http //www.zpok.hu/ jfeUer/baiamare/docs/cyanideuncertain.htm, pp. 7-12. 

Produced water is an extremely complex chemical solution, comprised of liquid water, minerals dissolved from formation rocks, and water soluble organics from the hydrocarbon phase. The most important inorganic compounds with corrosion implications are chlorides and buffering compounds (bicarbonate, borate, silicate, etc.). The presence of buffering compounds reduces corrosion by raising the solution pH, compensating for the effect of dissolved acid gases. An accurate, detailed analysis of the... 

The concentrations of various substances in water in dissolved, colloidal, or suspended form are typically low but vary considerably. A hardness value of up to 400 ppm of calcium carbonate, for example, is sometimes tolerated in public supplies, whereas 1 ppm of dissolved iron would be imacceptable. In treated water for high-pressure boilers or where radiation effects are important, as in nuclear reactors, impurities are measured in very small units such as parts per billion (ppb) or 1 /ig of contaminant per hter of water. Water analysis for drinldng water supplies is concerned mainly with pollution and bacteriological tests. For industrial supphes a mineral analysis is of more interest The important constituents can be classified as follows [9] ... 

Hardness is best calculated from a complete mineral analysis of water. 

Most accurate results arc obtained by calculation from complete mineral analysis of the hard water sample (Equation 3.28) but it is a very tedious job and such type of analysis is rarely done. Of all other methods, EDTA method gives the best results, is less cumbersome and less time consuming. 

The analytical characteristics of the soi ption-spectroscopic and soi ption-atomic-absoi ption methods developed have been checked up by the analysis of standard solutions, natural, artesian, mineral waters and food salt. 

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