Water hazards contractibility

The EPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) has responsibility for managing the analysis programs required under the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The approved analytical methods are designed to analyze water, soil, and sediment from potentially hazardous waste sites to determine the presence or absence of certain environmentally harmful organic compounds. The methods described here all require the use of GC/MS. 

This chapter will review the levels and distribution of pharmaceuticals detected in both waste and river waters from the Ebro river Basin and gives an example about the use of established hazard indexes to estimate the possible risks posed by the pharmaceutical levels detected towards different aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Results presented in this chapter were integrated in the FP6 European Union project AQUATERRA (contract no. 505428). 

Dibromoethane has been detected in an estimated 0.23% of the groundwater samples analyzed for the 2,783 hazardous waste sites participating in the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) a positive geometric mean concentration value was not reported. 1,2-Dibromoethane has not been detected in surface water samples taken at hazardous waste sites (CLPSD 1988). Note that the CLP Statistical Database (CLPSD) includes data from both NPL and non-NPL sites. 

Heptachlor has been detected in an estimated 1.4% of the groundwater samples taken at NPL hazardous waste sites included in EPA s Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) at an estimated geometric mean concentration of 0.78 ppb for the positive samples (CLPSD 1989). The compound was not listed in the CLP Statistical Database (CLPSD) of chemicals detected in surface water samples collected at NPL sites. Heptachlor epoxide was not listed in the CLPSD of chemicals detected in groundwater or surface water samples collected at NPL sites. Note that the information from the CLPSD includes data from NPL sites only. 

Hall et al. (1985) reported that no 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (less than pg/L) was detected in the Nanticoke River near the Chesapeake Bay. The analytical method involved liquid-liquid extraction, concentration, and. analysis by GC/MS. The Contract Laboratory Program statistical database (queried April 13, 1987) reported that 1 2-diphenylhydrazine has been detected n water at i of 357 hazardous waste sites at a concentration of (96 ppb (CLPSDB 1987), and has been reported at 7 of 117, sites. n the national Priority List database (ATSDR 1990) The U.S. EPA Contract laboratory Program uses GC methods to analyze the contaminants of interest. Since 1,2-diphenylhydrazine oxidize, to azobenzene in the GC injector port and both 1,2-diphenylhydrazine and azobenzene, have the same GC retention time and mass spectra, reports of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine from the Contract Laboratory Program may actually represent detections of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, azobenzene, or both (see Chapter 6 for more details). 

Hexanone has been detected in both surface water and groundwater at hazardous waste sites. Data from the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database indicate that 2-hexanone was found at 2% of the sites at a geometric mean concentration of 7.5 pg/L (ppb) in positive surface water samples and 12 pg/L (ppb) in positive groundwater samples (CLPSD 1989). This database provides data from both NPL and non-NPL waste sites. 

The only direct measurements of isophorone in soil were found for samples taken from hazardous waste sites. Ghassemi et al. (1984) found isophorone in leachates from hazardous waste landfills, and Hauser and Bromberg (1982) detected the presence of isophorone in the "sediment/soil/water" of Love Canal. These studies suggest that isophorone also was present in the soil. The Contract Laboratory Program Statistical Data Base (queried April 13, 1987) reported that isophorone has been detected at 4 of 357 hazardous waste sites at a concentration range of 1.68-6500 ppm. 

Isophorone also has been detected in urban runoff from Washington, DC (Cole et al. 1984). It has been detected in water (unspecified type) at 13 of 357 hazardous waste sites as shown in the contract laboratory statistical data base (1-538 ppb). 

Dichloromethane has been detected in both surface water and groundwater samples taken at hazardous waste sites. Data from the Contract Laboratory Program Statistical Database of the United States Environmental Protection Agency indicate that dichloromethane was present at geometric mean concentrations of 68 and 98 pg/L in surface water and groundwater samples, respectively, at about 30% of the sites sampled (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993). 

Hazards of Materials, Water-Reactive Materials and Organic Peroxides , TSA-20-72-2, US Bu-Mines, Pittsburgh, Contract DOT-AS-00007 (1972) 4) D.L. Katz, LNG-Water Explo-... 

Silver has been detected with a geometric mean concentration of 6.0 pg/L in groundwater samples from 613 of the 2,783 (22%) hazardous waste sites included in EPA s Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) statistical database (CLP 1988). It has also been detected in surface water samples from 552 of the 2,783 (20%) sites in the CLP statistical database with a geometric mean concentration of 9.0 pg/L (CLP 1988). 

Barium has been detected with a positive geometric mean concentration of 101.6 mg/L in groundwater samples from approximately 58% of the 2,783 hazardous waste sites that have had samples analyzed by the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) (CLPSD 1989). Barium has also been detected with a positive geometric mean of 62.6 mg/L in surface water samples from 27% of the sites in the CLP statistical database (CLPSD) represent frequency of occurrence and concentration information for NPL sites only. 

Bauer, W.H., D. N. Borton, and J. J. Bulloff. 1975. Agents, Methods and Devices for Amelioration of Discharges of Hazardous Chemicals on Water. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Contract no. DOT-CG-42759-1. 

Krill and Sonzogni 1986 Otson 1987). Grosjean and wright (1983) detected acrolein, in combination with acetone, at a concentration of 0.05 ppt in rainwater collected in Los Angeles, CA however, these compounds were not detected in rainwater samples collected in four less densely populated sites in California. The Contract Laboratory Statistical Database reports that acrolein has been detected in water at 3 of 357 hazardous waste sites in the United States at mean concentrations ranging from 10.3-51,000 ppb (VIAR 1987). However, this database made no distinction between groundwater and surface water monitoring data. In the only report of acrolein occurrence in municipal landfill leachate, acrolein was detected at a concentration of 170 ppb in 1 of 5 leachate samples collected from sites in Wisconsin (Sabel and Clark 1984). 

The Contract Laboratory Statistical Database reports that acrolein was detected in soil at 1 of 357 hazardous waste sites in the United States, at a mean concentration of 6.5 ppb (VIAR 1987). The National Priority List Technical Data Base (View 1989) indicates that acrolein was detected at 5 of 1177 National Priority List (NPL) sites however, the database does not contain media concentration data. Acrolein was identified in sediment/soil/water samples collected from Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY (Hauser and Bromberg 1982) however, no quantitative data were available. 

Dichloroethane has been detected in groundwater samples taken at an estimated 9% of the NPL hazardous water sites participating in the Contract Laboratories Program (CLP) at a geometric mean concentration of 23.1 ppb for the positive samples (CLP 1989). The compound was also detected in surface water samples taken at an estimated 2% of the NPL hazardous waste sites participating in the CLP at a geometric mean concentration of 24 ppb for the positive samples. Note that these data from the CLP Statistical Database represent frequency of occurrence and concentration information of NPL sites only. 

Trichloroethane was found in groundwater at hazardous waste sites in 18.9% of 178 sites from the CERCLA database (Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation and Liability Act), making it the seventh most frequently detected compound in this study (Plumb 1987). It was found in water samples from 42 of 357 Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) sites the concentration range of the mean values was 1.75-1,100 ppb (Viar 1987). 

ERA S Contract Laboratory Program Statistical Database (CLPSD) indicates that vanadium has been detected in surface water at 6% and in groundwater at 30% of 2,783 Superfund hazardous waste sites that have had samples of all media analyzed by the CLP. The geometric mean concentration of vanadium for all sites testing positive is 18 ppm and 31 ppm for surface water and groundwater, respectively (CLPSD 1989). Note that the CLPSD includes data from NPL sites only. 

Some companies do periodic hose testing. All companies should test hoses, which convey highly hazardous fluids. The purpose is to assure that no injuiy, damage to equipment, or environmental incident occurs as a result of using a defective chemical hose. The protocol that I have reviewed covers any hose used to transfer a liquid that has an environmental agency-reportable quantity fisted for a spill. It does not include normal utility hoses such as steam, water, nitrogen, and air. It does not include hoses that are supplied by a contract carrier. It does not include hydraulic hoses or other such hoses that are permanently moimted as a part of equipment that has its own inspection schedule. Fire hoses are not included, but do have testing procedures per other authorities for that service. 

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