Water deoxygenation

Al-Shaban K, Balasundaram V, Howarth CR, Ramshaw C, Peel JRA. The hydro-dynamic and mass transfer characteristics of a large centrifugal water deoxygenator. In Proceedings of Energy Efficiency Process Technology, Process Intensification Conference, Athens, 1993 475-484. 

The design of the first commercial modules has allowed the commercial application of membrane contactors for some specific operations. This is the case of the Membrana-Charlotte Company (USA) that developed the LiquiCel modules, equipped with polypropylene hollow fibers, for the water deoxygenation for the semiconductor industry. LiquiCel modules have been also applied to the bubble-free carbonation of Pepsi, in the bottling plant of West Virginia [18], and to the concentrations of fruit and vegetable juices in an osmotic distillation pilot plant at Melbourne [19]. Other commercial applications of LiquiCel are the dissolved-gases removal from water, the decarbonation and nitrogenation in breweries, and the ammonia removal from wastewater [20]. 

Ron Mason and his co-workers have greatly improved this technique by using an improved (TMn0) ESR cavity which enables them to use 17-mm flat cells containing ca. 100 fi of fluid. Because of the low solubility of oxygen in water, deoxygenation is not necessary, and radical metabolites can be detected in urine, blood and bile fluids with no difficulty (LaCagnin et al., 1988). 

Lower capital and operating costs, up to 50% less than traditional dehumidifiers low-pressure drops low noise emissions [47] Water deoxygenation and carbonation carried out simultaneously in the same device lower capital cost and CO2 consumption over 10 times reduction in size [5]... 

Procedure. Add the sample containing 0-1-1-0 mg of Thiomersalate to 1 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 ml. of 0-1 per cent solution of gelatin. Dilute the solution to 10 ml. with water, deoxygenate and record the curve at about —0 5 V. 

Procedure. Dissolve 0-3-0-5 g of the sample in 100 ml. of sulphuric acid d = 1 84). Transfer a 2-ml. aliquot portion into a 50-ml. flask, add 40 ml. of methanol and dilute with water. Deoxygenate an aliquot portion of this mixture and record the reduction wave of benzanthrone at — 0 96 V. 

The annex/auxiliary buildings nonradioactive HVAC system serves the nonradioactive personnel and equipment areas, electrical equipment rooms, clean corridors, the ancillary diesel generator room and demineralised water deoxygenating room in the annex building, and the main steam isolation valve eompartments, reactor trip switchgear rooms, and piping and electrical penetration areas in the auxiliary building. 

Tamburi, M. A. (2002). Ballast water deoxygenation can prevent aquatic introductions while reducing ship corrosion. Biological Conservation, 103, 331-341. 

Water chemistry factors include coolant density, pH, additive and impurity concentrations, and water radiolysis. Guzonas et al. [53] reported little difference in corrosion at 450°C in oxygenated water, deoxygenated water, and water plus ammonia and... 

J. Shao, H. Liu, Y. He, Boiler feed water deoxygenation using hollow fiber membrane contactor. Desalination 234 (2008) 370-377. 

The standard reduction potential of Cr " (Table 2) shows that this ion is a strong reducing agent, and Cr(II) compounds have been used as reagents in analytical chemistry procedures (26). The reduction potential also explains why Cr(II) compounds are unstable in aqueous solutions. In the presence of air, the oxidation to Cr(III) occurs by reaction with oxygen. However, Cr(II) also reacts with water in deoxygenated solutions, depending on acidity and the anion present, to produce H2 and Cr(III) (27,28). 

Sodium sulfite [7757-83-7] M 126.0, d 2.63. Crystd from warm water (0.5mL/g) by cooling to 0°. Purified by repeated crystns from deoxygenated water inside a glove-box, finally drying under vacuum. [Rhee and Dasgupta J Phys Chem 89 1799 1985.]... 

It was found that 1,2,4-triazine 4-oxides 55 are active enough to react with cyanamide under basic conditions according to the deoxygenative mechanism to form 5-cyanamino-l,2,4-triazines 73 (00TZV1128). This reaction seems to be facilitated by the easy aromatization of cr -adducts by the Elcb elimination of water. 

Deoxygenative autoaromatization was reported to occur in the reaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine 2-oxides 42 with alcohols in the presence of HCl or acetyl chloride. In this case the intermediate cr -adducts undergo elimination of water or acetic acid, resulting in 6-alkoxy-3-amino-l,2,4-triazines 75 (77JOC3498). 1,2,4-Triazine 1-oxides do not react with alcohols under these conditions (77JOC3498). 

Kinghorn, Patrick H. Haas, William E. (Ecolochem, Inc.). Low Level Deoxygenation of Boiler Makeup Water Using Gas Transfer Membranes. Pittsburgh International Water Conference, USA, 1999. 

Degassed water under ambient conditions has a relaxation time (T and T2) of about 4 s at 30 °C [11,12], However, air-saturated brines may have a relaxation time of about 2-3 s. Light hydrocarbons are even more sensitive to dissolved oxygen [10], For example, the relaxation time of deoxygenated pentane is 14 s while air-saturated pentane is about 3 s. The correlation for degassed alkanes between the relaxation time (Ti), viscosity (q) and temperature (T) is given by Eq. (3.6.1) [13]. 

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