Set-up time, reduction

Here, set-up cost is relatively high compared to holding cost. It is reasonable to order in high quantities once every 9 days (663/500 translated to days, assuming 7 days a week). Since set-up cost are usually high in batch or mass production, this example also shows that to achieve just in time (JIT) production or eliminate inventory set-up time reductions (assuming set-up costs are proportional to set-up time) is a critical point. As JIT requires frequent orders of small batch sizes. 

Inventory reduction - a product of the reduced batch sizes and buffer stocks that result from improvements in set-up time, productive maintenance, and flow scheduling. 

Reduction of set-up times and increase of automation in order to increase machine efficiency... 

The results of the research concerning this experimental case (EC4) show an increase of work-center utilization (due to the zero set-up times) and a makespan reduction (fig. 3). But the most significant result is the mean flow-time reduction (fig. 2). ... 

This expression shows the relationship between filtration time and filtrate volume. The equation is applicable to both incompressible or compressible calces, because at constant AP the values and x are constant. For constant AP, an increase in the filtrate volume results in a reduction in the filtration rate. If we assume a definite filtering apparatus and set up a constant temperature and filtration pressure, then the values of Rf, r , fi and AP will be constant. We now take note of the well-known filtration constants K and C, which are derived from the above expressions ... 

The number of electrons required to reduce a species is related to the stoichiometric coefficients in the reduction half-reaction. The same is true of oxidation. Therefore, we can set up a stoichiometric relation between the reduced or oxidized species and the amount of electrons supplied. The amount of electrons required is calculated from the current and the length of time for which the current flows. 

Time Reduction and Increased Efficiencies. Time reduction and the corollary of increased efficiencies appear to be the main factors driving the short-term benefits deriving from implementation of an electronic notebook system. The argument is fairly simple, and there are good data [1] to show that the benefits are real and realistic. Most studies and projects associated with implementation of ELN within a research discipline focus on the reduction in time taken to set up a typical experiment and to document the experiment once completed. Further time savings are evident when examining workflows such as report or patent preparation, or when thinking about time taken to needlessly repeat previously executed experiments. 

Figure 4.20. Experimental set-ups for temperature programmed reduction, oxidation and desorption. Upper left The reactor is inside the oven, the temperature of which can be increased linearly with time. Gas consumption by the catalyst is monitored by the change in thermal conductivity of the gas mixture it is essential to remove traces of water, etc. because these would affect the thermal conductivity measurement. Lower-left ...

Decomposition leads to a rearrangement of the process equations from their flow chart sequence to a natural sequence based on the information flow among the equations. The ultimate goal is to set up an iterative scheme in which each equation is solved for a single variable (by some appropriate root identification method), and where values of unknown variables that must be assumed are checked cyclically. The greatest reduction in the number of iterates that must be assumed, and therefore the greatest reduction in computer storage and time requirements, takes place for those systems of process equations in which the number of variables per equation is small compared to the total number of variables in the system. Clearly, when each of the system equations contains every process variable, no effective decomposition can take place. Fortunately, most models used in the process industries are of such a character that extensive decomposition can be effected. 

Although it has been assumed that oxidative and reductive photocatalytic reactions take place simultaneously on Ti02 particles, it is very difficult to confirm this assumption experimentally, because the products of both reactions mix immediately. However, it is possible to set up a simple system that can be used to model individual particles and is compatible with microscopic detection of reaction products.65-685 Such a system, shown in Fig. 2.8, involves a Ti02 film that has metallic regions, e.g., Pd or ITO, and a scanning microelectrode. The microelectrode can be positioned as close as 20 fim to the surface. Its potential can be set at values at which either 02 or H202, for example, can be monitored as a function of time. 

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