Utilities cooling water cost

The total bare-module cost for the column and its auxiliaries = 2,226,000 The annual heating steam cost for the reboiler is computed = 728,000/yr The annual cooling water cost for the two condensers = 84,000/yr The annual electricity cost for the reflux pump = 38,000/yr The total utility cost = 850,000/yr Compute the annualized cost. 

Utility (cooling water/hot steam) cost is given by a function of temperature (see Figure 2)... 

The utilities required for steam jet refrigeration operation often determine the selection of these units, between manufacturers and between types of refrigeration. As the chilled water temperature off of the unit approaches 32°F, the cost of the basic unit and its steam and cooling water requirements rise rapidly. 

Utility costs for steam and cooling water if manufacturer is to make economical compromise of requirements for these services. 

Assume heat rejection from refrigeration is to cooling water. Calculate the total energy cost of the utilities,... 

Prior to 1974, when fuel costs were low, distillation column trains used a strategy involving the substantial consumption of utilities such as steam and cooling water in order to maximize separation (i.e., product purity) for a given tower. However, the operation of any one tower involves certain limitations or constraints on the process, such as the condenser duty, tower tray flooding, or reboiler duty. 

Utilities include the costs of electricity, generating steam, cooling water etc., and emphasises the importance of good equipment and efficient processing and energy-audits for energy conservation and consequent financial savings. 

Variable costs raw material and utilities (electrical energy, steam, cooling water, etc.), overhead (if calculated related to product volume, which is assumed in the example). 

To illustrate the application of model PI for the calculation of the minimum utility cost, we will consider the example used in section 8.3.1.2, with data provided in Table 8.1 of that section. This example features constant flow rate heat capacities, one hot and one cold utility being steam and cooling water, respectively. Here, we assume C = Cj = 1, that is we meet the minimum utility consumption. 

Utilities include steam, electricity, fuel, cooling water, process water, coirqjressed air, refrigeration, and waste treatment. Utility equipment is usually located outside of the process area and may supply several processes. We may consider each utility as a product, and estimate its cost according to the procedure outlined in Table 2.1. The cost of steam, electricity, and refrigeration depends mainly on fuel costs. Local utilities may give electric power costs, and the Federal Power Commission publishes rates for all public utihties in the United States. Table 2.3 lists approximate utility rates. 

---