Waste management composites

Waste treatment technologies for incineration and landfill of PVC are present in the ecoinvent database. The material specific burdens for the waste treatment are calculated by a supporting spreadsheet. Necessary data for the calculation of the burden are, e.g. element composition, water content, energy content, degradability in landfill, etc. Note that the Ecoinvent waste management model estimates emissions based on the element composition and some general characteristics of the materials (like degradability). Detailed characteristics, like the mobility of DEHP from PVC, are not taken into account. Therefore additional assumptions have been made for the emission of DEHP from landfill of PVC. 

Day, D. E., W. C. Malm, and S. M. Kreidenweis, Seasonal Variations in Aerosol Composition and Acidity at Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 47, 411-418 (1997). 

Black, F., S. Tejada, and M. Gurevich, Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Tailpipe, and Evaporative Emissions Composition and Ozone Potential, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 48, 578-591 (1998). 

Ramsey, W. G., Bibler, N. E. Meaker, T. F. 1995. Compositions and durabilities of glasses for immobilization of plutonium and uranium. In Waste Management 95 Conference. Laser Options, Inc., Tucson, CD-ROM. 

Vance, E. R., Carter, M. L., Day, R. A., Begg, B. D., Hart, K. P. Jostsons, A. 1996b. Synroc and Synroc-glass composite waste forms for Hanford HLW immobilization. In Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management SPECTRUM 96. American Nuclear Society, Inc. La Grange Park, 2027-2031. 

Yudintsev, S. V., Stefanovsky, S. V. Ewing, R. C. 1999. Structural and compositional relationships in titanate-composed ceramics for actinide-bearing waste immobilization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation ICEM 99. Nagoya, Japan, CD-ROM. 

Lumpkin, G. R., Colella, M., Smith, K. L., Mitchell, R. H. Larsen, A. 0.1998. Chemical composition, geochemical alteration, and radiation effects in natural perovskite. In McKinley, I. G. McCombie, C. (eds) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXL Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 506, 207-214. 

Samat SE, Coull BA, Ruiz PA, Koutrakis P, Suh HH (2006) The influences of ambient particle composition and size on particle infiltration in Los Angeles, CA, residences. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 56(2) 186-196... 

Andrews, E., Saxena, P, Musarra, S., Hildemann, L. M., Koutrakis, P, McMurry, P. H., Olmez, I., and White, W. H. (2000). Concentration and composition of atmospheric aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS experiment and a review of the closure between chemical and gravimetric measurements. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50, 648-664. 

Waste is any material that has insufficient value to justify further beneficial use, and thus must be managed at a cost. Wastes that contain hazardous substances, either radionuclides or toxic chemicals, are generated by many human activities. Management and disposal of these wastes must be conducted in ways that protect human health. Because hazardous wastes vary widely in their compositions and concentrations of hazardous substances and in their potential impacts on human health, the need to protect human health is met most efficiently by use of a variety of technological approaches to waste management and disposal, rather than a single approach for all wastes. 

In summary, a hazardous waste classification system is needed because (1) disposal of the composite unclassified waste would be prohibitively expensive and (2) the differences in timing between waste generation (now) and the development of treatment and disposal facilities (the future) require that wastes be segregated in anticipation of cost-effective means of waste management and disposal. Waste classification also allows consistent communication of the information needed to develop adequate treatment and disposal capacity and to develop appropriate regulations. 

Lighty, J.S., Veranth, J.M., Sarom, A.F., 2000. Combustion aerosols Factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. J. Air Waste Manag. 50, 1565-1618. 

Kjeldsen P. and Christophersen M. (2001) Composition of leachate from old landhlls in Denmark. Waste Manage. Res. 19, 249-256. 

Kjeldsen P., Grundtvig A., Winther P., and Andersen J. S. (1998a) Characterization of an old municipal landhll (Grindsted, Denmark) as a groundwater pollution source landhll history and leachate composition. Waste Manage. Res. 16, 3-13. 

Ellison AJG, Navrotsky A (1990) Thermochemistry and stmcture of model waste glass compositions. In Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management Xlll. Oversby VM, Brown PW (eds). Mater Res Soc SympProc 176 193-207... 

Behmanesh N, Allen DT, Warren JL. 1992. Flow rates and compositions of incinerated waste streams in the United States. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 42(4) 437-442. 

Thus, a mass of waste, m, is converted to a mass of fuel, m, so that m > m, but the heats of combustion are AHm < AHm , which is the objective of processing. The yield is limited by the composition of m and the limits of the law of conservation of mass-energy also, allowance must be made for the energy input for processing (2). The concept of processing to maximize yield is opposite to the traditional objective of waste management of maximizing disposal. 

Stump FD, Knapp K T, Ray WD, et al. 1992. Tlie composition of motor vehicle organic emissions under elevated temperature summer driving conditions (75 to 105 degrees F) - part II. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 42 1328-1335. 

Hayes, R., Baukal, C. E., Singh, R, and Wright, D. "Fuel Composition Effects on NO ." Proceedings of the Air Waste Management Association s 94th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, June 24-28, 2001. 

Pollard SJT, Hmdey SE, Eredorak PM. (1994). Bioremediation of petroleum and creosote-contaminated soils A review of constraints. Waste Management Research 12 173-194. Potter TL, Simmons KE. (1998). Composition of petroleum mixtures. In Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series, Vol. 2. Amherst, MA Scientific Pnbhshers Amherst. 

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