Waste immobilization

WIP [Waste Immobilization Plant] A process for immobilizing nuclear waste by incorporation in a borosilicate glass for long-term disposal. Developed in the 1970s in India for use at the waste immobilization plant at Tarapur. 

Maturity is an important parameter for the nutrient management of compost N availability in compost is closely related to the maturity reached during composting (Bemal et al. 1998 Griffin and Hutchinson 2007). Larsen et al. (2007) found that anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste immobilized N in the initial stage of decomposition. The N immobilization in the composted municipal... 

Production and use of biodegradable containers. Biotechnological formation of chemical substances (H2S, Fe ) used for the collection of hazardous substances. Biotreatment and biodegradation of hazardous waste. Immobilization of hazardous substances from the streams. Solubilization of hazardous substances from waste. Biodegradation of hazardous substances. Immobilization/solubibzation of hazardous substances. Biotransformation and detoxication of hazardous substances. Solubilization/precipitation and recycling of heavy metals from waste. 

Hench, L. L., Clark, D. E. Campbell, J. 1984. High level waste immobilization forms. Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, 5, 149-173. 

Postnikov, A. Yu., Levakov, E. V., Gavrilov, P. I., Glagovsky, E. V. Kuprin, A. V. 2001. Self-sustaining high temperature synthesis of zirco-nolite-based materials for radioactive waste immobilization. Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment, 5, 58-63 (in Russian). 

Sheetz, B. E., Agrawal, D. K., Breval, E. Roy, R. 1994. Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) as a host structure for nuclear waste immobilization A review. Waste Management, 14, 489-505. 

Stefanovsky, S. V., Yudintsev, S. V., Nikonov, B. S., Omelianenko, B. I. Ptashkin, A. G. 1999. Murataite-based ceramics for actinide waste immobilization. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 556, 121-128. 

Tolstova, O. V., Lashtchenova, T. N. Stefanovsky, S. V. 2002. Glassy materials from basalt for intermediate-level wastes immobilization. Glass and Ceramic, 6, 28-31 (in Russian). 

Yudintsev, S. V., Stefanovsky, S. V. Ewing, R. C. 1999. Structural and compositional relationships in titanate-composed ceramics for actinide-bearing waste immobilization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation ICEM 99. Nagoya, Japan, CD-ROM. 

McCarthy, G. J., Hassett, D. J. Bender, J. A. 1992. Synthesis, crystal chemistry and stability of ettringite, a material with potential applications in hazardous waste immobilization. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 245, 129-140. 

Huang, F. H. Mitchell, D. E. Conner, J. M. Low-Level Radioactive Hanford Wastes Immobilized by Cement-Based Grouts. Nucl. Technol. 1994, 107, 254-271. 

Management and disposal of nuclear waste depends mainly on its type. For example, LLW and ILW are often treated (volume reduction) and/or conditioned (waste immobilization) prior to disposal. This area of LLW and ILW waste management, having been established and proven over past years, is considered to be quite... 

Composite materials are mechanical dispersions of radioactive solids, for instance ciystalline or vitreous radioactive phases in metal matrix [24], glass-encapsulated Ca-phosphate based ceramics [30] glass-bonded sodalite [31,32] glass-ceramics for plutonium waste immobilization [33] and so on. 

Much work is still dedicated to reducing catalyst consumption and waste. Immobilization (or the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts) is one of the approaches but may result in a loss of activity and/or selectivity and a high sensitivity to impurities. 

Zyryanov VN, Vance ER (1997) Sodinm zirconinm phosphate-stmctnred HLW forms and symoc for high-level nnclear waste immobilization. In Scientific Basis for Nnclear Waste Management. Gray WJ, Triay IR (eds) Mater Res Soc Proc 465 409-415... 

This experiment provides considerable confidence in the concept of waste immobilization in glass as one step toward isolating the long-lived radioactive by-products of nuclear power from man s environment. Of course, the immobilized material would not be placed deliberately in shallow ground water for permanent disposal. The consensus today is for deep underground disposal in a stable geological formation (21). 

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