Waste characteristics samples

It was observed that the factors contributing to the variation of leachate data are solid waste characteristics, for example, the composition and size of the waste and degree of compaction, the moisture content and degree of rainwater infiltration, temperature, sampling, and analytical methods.47... 

Collecting Samples. Since a wastewater s characteristics can vary considerably, composite samples are collected to obtain a truer representation of the waste. Small samples are collected at frequent intervals during the sampling period. They are mixed together to form the composite sample. 

Sample and Analyze to Document the Conbentration of Constituents Left in Place When a Surface Impoundment Handling Characteristic Wastes is Clean Closed... 

It is expected that leachate characteristics will vary by country. This is because the soil under a landfill site, the composition of disposed waste, the climate, sampling and landfill management vary among countries.7-8... 

A solid waste containing lead or lead compounds may be defined as a hazardous waste if it exhibits the characteristic of toxicity. The waste is said to exhibit the toxicity characteristic if the lead concentration in the extract obtained by subjecting a sample of the waste to the TCLP exceeds 5.0 mg/L. Tetraethyl and tetraethyl lead are combustible. If they are in sufficient quantity in a waste, tetraethyl lead may show an ignitability characteristic. More details on the regulatory requirements are presented in Chapter 7. 

In this barrel, air is expected to come naturally. Temperature and leachate volume were measured twice a week. Once a week, waste was taken out to mix with air and then put back into the barrel. At the same time, sample was taken to measure water content. Stabilization step ended when waste body stopped generating water, varied from 18 to 51 days, due to waste input characteristic and environmental temperature. After this time, raw RDF was collected and stored for further analysis. Stabilization time of El > E3 and R1 > R3 was compared with that of other study (Table 8). 

In this study, heating value of dry sample [Hu(wf), kJ/kg] and of wet waste [Hu (raw), kJ/kg] was determined with the calculation by formula (1) and (2), respectively. Sample characteristics were also determined by analytic measurement. 

The physical, chemical, and thermodynamic characteristics of biomass resources vary widely. This variation can occur among different samples of what would nominally seem to be the same resource. Also, variations could occur from one region to another, especially for waste products. This wide variation sometimes makes it difficult to identify a typical value to use when designing a gasification plant. 

Toxicity. The fourth characteristic that could make a waste a hazardous waste is toxicity (40 CFR 261.24). To determine if a waste is a toxic hazardous waste, a representative sample of the material must be subjected to a test conducted in a certified laboratory using a test procedure [toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, (TCLP)]. Under federal rules (40 CFR 261), all generators are required to use the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test when evaluating wastes. 

Fig. 2.21 (a) Scheme of a basic FIA system. C carrier (with or without a dissolved reagent) PS propelling system IV injection valve R reactor D detector W waste, (b) Slow recording—the commonest in this technique—corresponding to injection of triplicate standards and quintuplicate samples, (c) Fast recording, with its characteristic parameters. 

The solidified SSM sample at the optimum reagent ratio was tested for metal leachability by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure as per 51 FR 21685-21693.(7) The target metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer using USEPA SW-846 "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes," 1986(8) as required by 40 CFR Part 261.( ... 

Recommendation 4-2. The Army should define the quantity and characteristics of anticipated nonprocess waste streams and evaluate options for the final disposition of each type of waste. On-site processes should be developed and demonstrated for treating all agent-contaminated wastes. Methods of representative sampling and characterization of wastes should be developed to verify that treated wastes are free of agent to below appropriate risk thresholds. 

Wang, C.-F., Chang, C.-Y., Tsai, S.-F. and Chiang, H.-L. (2005) Characteristics of road dust from different sampling sites in northern Taiwan. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55(8), 1236-44. 

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