Flax, cellulose

S. Kalia, "Development of polymer matrix based composites using grafted Flax cellulose as reinforcing agent and evaluation of some mechanical and chemical properties" Ph.D. Thesis, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 2008. 

In the work from Liu [105], an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn waste for sanitary napkin applications has been successfully prepared. Till now, most of the waste cellulose materials from textile industry, such as cotton linter, cotton yarn waste and flax yarn waste, are still burned or land filled, causing both resource waste and environmental pollution [105, 106]. Reutlllzatlon of these waste materials could not only reduce the consumption of cotton or flax cellulose but also decrease the treatment of industrial waste. The major component [70%] of flax yarn waste is cellulose, which has been introduced as a basic skeleton of superabsorbent in previous studies [105, 106-109]. Fluff pulp, as a good absorbent material, is a kind of special pulp with villiform fibers. Nowadays, it is widely used as raw material for the production of sanitary napkin and paper diaper [105]. 

Camille and Henry Dreyfus developed the first commercial process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905 and commercialized the spinning of cellulose acetate fibers in 1924 in the United States. At that time, the only other human-made fiber was viscose rayon, which was still in its early stages of commercialization. The main textile fibers were natural fibers cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Cellulose triacetate textile fiber was commercialized later in the 1950s. The tremendous technical effort by the Dreyfus Brothers resulted in more than 300 patents describing such significant inventions as the dry-spinning process and disperse dyeing. 

Composites from natural fibers (e.g., hemp, flax, cellulose) and polymers are Hght-weight compounds with good mechanical properties which make them interesting for specific sectors of appUcation, notably the transportation sector. Due to the specific appUcation area, LGA of composites focuses not only on the materials but also on specific products for these application areas, covering the use phase of products. 

Mater-Bi TPS blends with PCL, etc. Novamont Flax cellulose pulp (10-40%) [144]... 

Hebeish A, Abou-Zied NY, Waly A, Higazy A (1984) Chemical modification of flax cellulose via etherification, esterification, and crosslinking reactions. Cellulose Chem Technol 22 591-605 Heinze T, Liebert T (2001) Unconventional methods in cellulose fictionalization. Prog Polym Sci 26 1689-1762... 

Cao X, Dong H, Li CM (2007) New nanocomposite materials reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals in waterborne polyurethane. Biomacromolecules 8 899-904 Cao X, Habibi Y, Lucia LA (2009) One-pot polymerization, surface grafting, and processing of waterborne polyurethane-cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 19 ... 

By embedding natural and near-natural reinforcing fibres (such as flax, cellulose) into a biopolymeric matrix (from cellulose, starch or lactic acid derivatives, thermoplastics as well as thermosets), a new group of fibre reinforced systems are also created, called as biocomposites [28]. 

Cao et al. (2008a), used starch, glycerol, a cellulose nanocrystaUites suspension and distilled water mixed together to obtain a homogeneous dispersion and fabricate plasticized starch/flax cellulose nanocrystals (S/FC-NC) composite films. 

Cao X, Chen Y, Chang PR, Muir AD, Falk G (2008b) Starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals. express Polym Lett 2 502-510... 

O. I. Benevolenski, J. Karger-Kocsis, K. P. Mieck, T. Reussmann (2000) Instrumented perforation impact response of polypropylene composites with hybrid reinforcement flax/glass and flax/cellulose fibers, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 13,481. 

F. 5.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of non-hydrolysed flax cellulose (bleached flax yarns) and freeze-dried flax cellulose naowhiskers (CNWs) and commercial microcrystalline cellulose. Reproduced from Ref. [42]... 

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