Washing intensity

Determine the required washing time under the following set of conditions Washing Intensity — 6 Liters/m -min., Cake Thickness = 40 mm, Initial SoUds Concentration in the Filtrate of the Wash Water = 120 g/Liter Final Concentration = 2 g/Liter. Assume a wash rate constant, K = 375 cmVLiter. 

Raney Ni (50% slurry in H20, 75 mg) was washed intensively with deionized H20, followed by EtOH washes. It was then transferred with EtOH to a flask containing the azido pentasaccharide 134 (14.6 mg, 7.5 pmol). Reduction was carried out at rt for 30 min under H2 (1 atm.). The crude amino sugar was then filtered through filter paper with EtOH, concentrated, and dried for 10 min under vacuum. 

After dyeing, the liquor is usually drained off the material is rinsed and then washed off with addition of a surfactant. The washing intensity depends on the substantivity of the dye hydrolysate. With alkali-sensitive vinylsulfone dyes, soaping at the boil must be carried out in a neutral or weakly acidic liquor to prevent cleavage of the dye-fiber bond. 

Synthesis of the incorporated phthalocyanine Ludox As 40 (92.5 g), tetraethylammonium hydroxide (92.5 g of a 20 wt.% solution in water) and deionized water (75 g) were placed in a polypropylene vessel and stirred at room temperature for 22 h. A mixture of CTAC (5 g of a 25 wt.% solution in water) and one of the phthalocyanines ( 300 mg, -0.25 mol) was added slowly (5 mL min ) to gel (10.4 g) with stirring. This mixture was stirred for 15 min and aged overnight at room temperature. The composition of the final gel mixture was 9.61% SiOz, 4.8% TEAOH, 77.47% H2O and 8.12% CTAC. The mixture was reacted without stirring for 40 h at 100 °C in a polypropylene autoclave. The resulting green product was recovered by filtration and washed intensively with water and hot ethanol. The MCM-41 structure was proven by X-ray diffraction. The content of the phthalocyanine in the molecular sieve is -10 mol g. ... 

The washing intensity (Q), i.e., the flow of material being filtered through 1 m of the filter cross section in 1 sec. 

Fig. VII.11. Relative quantity of contaminants washed away as a function of the washing intensity.

Plugging saturation Poor limestone udlization hifrequeat washing of the mist eliminators Low wash intensity... 

MP-suspension by automated ASTM-bulb Magnetization current by Hall-Sensor Magnetization time UV-Light intensity All Liquids (fluorescence, contamination) Process times and temperatures Function of spraying nozzles, Level of tanks Flow rates (e.g. washing, water recycling) UV-Light intensity... 

The cleaning or depassivation eflect is of great importance in sonoelectrochemistry, as it can be employed to wash off surface-adsorbed species and reduce blocking of the electrode by adsorption of reaction products. This eflect has been reported, for example, for the depassivation of iron electrodes and for the removal of deposits and in the presence of polymer films on the electrode surface. However, damage of the electrode surface, especially for materials of low hardness such as lead or copper, can also occur under harsh experimental conditions and applied intensities [70, Tf, 80]. 

Dissolve 1 g. of the secondary amine in 3-5 ml. of dilute hydrochloric acid or of alcohol (in the latter case, add 1 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid). Cool to about 5° and add 4-5 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium nitrite solution, and allow to stand for 5 minutes. Add 10 ml. of water, transfer to a small separatory funnel and extract the oil with about 20 ml. of ether. Wash the ethereal extract successively with water, dilute sodium hydroxide solution and water. Remove the ether on a previously warmed water bath no flames should be present in the vicinity. Apply Liebermann s nitroso reaction to the residual oil or solid thus. Place 1 drop or 0 01-0 02 g. of the nitroso compovmd in a dry test-tube, add 0 05 g. of phenol and warm together for 20 seconds cool, and add 1 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid. An intense green (or greenish-blue) colouration will be developed, which changes to pale red upon pouring into 30-50 ml. of cold water the colour becomes deep blue or green upon adding excess of sodium hydroxide solution. 

Another type of horizontal belt vacuum filter uses reciprocating vacuum trays mounted under a continuously traveling filter cloth. The trays move forward with the cloth as long as the vacuum is appHed and return quickly to their original position after the vacuum is released. This overcomes the problem of friction between the belt and the trays because there is no relative movement between them while the vacuum is being appHed. The mechanics of this filter are rather complex, and the equipment is expensive and requires intensive maintenance. A range of solvents can be used. Widths up to 2 m and areas up to 75 m are available. The cloth can be washed on both sides. 

Upases. The idea of using Upases in the wash process dates back to 1913 when O. Rn hm suggested a dding pancreatin [8049-47-6] to detergent formulations. Many patents have demonstrated that Upases can improve the removal of fatty stains when used in powder and liquid detergents, special presoakers, or other cleaning agents. Intense research activity is also reflected in the literature (43—45). 

Triglycerides are important constituents of resin. In softwood, the triglycerides account for 20—40% of total resin content, and in hardwood, 40—50%. The paper industry uses the term pitch for resins that create problems in paper machines. Traditionally, pitch is controlled or reduced by aging the wood, by use of chemicals to avoid deposits on the roUs, or by intensive washing of the pulp. AH these methods add to the cost of paper production. An alternative is to add a Upase to the pulp in a reaction lasting about one hour with the help of agitation. Results from Japanese paper mills show substantial... 

Intensive soluble recovery or removal of contaminants from the cake as accomplished by countercurrent washing operations. This is especially the case with horizontal belt, tilting pan and table filters, which are described later in this subseetion,... 

Cloth showers with movable manifolds and high impact jets for intensive cloth washing. 

O When intensive cake washing is required since belt filters make it possible to apply countercurrent washing. 

When a clear fdtrate is required right from the start it is good practice to form a thin heel that serves as a fdter medium over the exposed cloth. This is done by either a "cloudy port outlet" that is recirculated or, if solids are settling fast, by allocating a portion of the table after the cloth drying dam and prior to entering the vacuum zone to act as a "sedimentation pool". When intensive cake washing is required. 

WASH-1400 did not analyze seismic events, but if they had, the risk they assessed would have been larger. Earthquake analysis was part of the FSAR for licensing a plant and had been practiced for some time before the RSS. This analysis included earthquake frequencies from historical records, ground-coupling models to estimate the intensity and frequency spectrum of the acceleration, and spring-mass models to estimate the forces on plant components under the... 

The plate and frame press is a type of pressure filter (Figure 4.6). Filter plates are held within a frame and slurry is pumped under pressure into the spaees between sueeessive plates. As filtration proeeeds filter eake builds up and the pressure drop inereases, finally reaehing the limit of the pump. Eventually, the plate spaees beeome filled with eake and the plates are released in the frame and the eake diseharged. A wash eyele may also be introdueed to remove liquor held up in the filter eake. The operation is thus essentially bateh-wise and ean be labour intensive. 

Since no special ligand design is usually required to dissolve transition metal complexes in ionic liquids, the application of ionic ligands can be an extremely useful tool with which to immobilize the catalyst in the ionic medium. In applications in which the ionic catalyst layer is intensively extracted with a non-miscible solvent (i.e., under the conditions of biphasic catalysis or during product recovery by extraction) it is important to ensure that the amount of catalyst washed from the ionic liquid is extremely low. Full immobilization of the (often quite expensive) transition metal catalyst, combined with the possibility of recycling it, is usually a crucial criterion for the large-scale use of homogeneous catalysis (for more details see Section 5.3.5). 

For illite and kaolinite with decreasing solution concentration (Figure 5) there are two important changes. The relative intensity for inner sphere complexes increases, and the chemical shifts become substantially less positive or more negative due to the reduced Cs/water ratio, especially for the outer sphere complexes. Washing with DI water removes most of the Cs in outer sphere complexes and causes spectral changes parallel to those caused by decreasing solution concentration (data not shown). 

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