Volumetric changes

The amorphous TPs, which have their molecules going in all different directions, are normally transparent. Compared to crystalline types, they undergo only small volumetric changes when melting or solidifying during processing. Tables 6-5 to 6-9 compare the basic performance behaviors of crystalline and amorphous plastics. Exceptions exist, particularly with respect to certain plastic compounds that include additives and reinforcements. 

Turner, D. T. (1982). Poly(methyl methacrylate) plus water. Sorption kinetics and volumetric changes. Polymer, 23, 197-202. 

We test the permeability of polymer films or sheets to various vapors and gases by mounting the polymer between chambers that contain different concentrations of the migrant molecules. We can determine the permeability from pressure changes, volumetric changes, or by microanalytical techniques that measure the concentration of the migrant molecules in a stream of gas flowing across the low concentration side of the barrier. 

Similar effect of relatively stable cycling on the level of discharge capacity of 500 mA-h/g can be achieved, for example, using tin-based alloys with different metals (please, see the detailed investigation of such alloys in this book [5]). These metals perform probably the functions of elastic matrix in such alloys and gave possibility to compensate for the volumetric changes of Sn. 

Chelating resins undergo volumetric change by as much as 50% in converting from the hydrogen form to sodium form. This tends to cause attrition of the resin and reduce its life. 

The Watts shrinkage test method measures shrinkage of a test sample in terms of volumetric change after curing. The sample preparation consisted of using 90 mg of an... 

Fluids that show elasticity to some extent are termed viscoelastic fluids, and some polymer solutions demonstrate such behavior. Elasticity is the tendency of a substance or body to return to its original form, after the applied stress that caused strain (i.e., a relative volumetric change in the case of a polymer solution) has been removed. The elastic modulus (Pa) is the ratio of the applied stress (Pa) to strain (-). The relaxation time (s) of a viscoelastic fluid is defined as the ratio of its viscosity (Pa s) to its elastic modulus. 

A major advantage of ciyo-SEM is its ability to accommodate the need to preserve lipid or fatty components within food systems when they are the main subject of study. Kawanari et al [74] used ciyo-SEM in combination with polarized light microscopy to characterize structural differences in butter due to manufacturing differences and their impact on volumetric changes in pastry applications. Such a study would have been very difficult to accomplish via conventional SEM techniques. 

Others have studied the volumetric changes occurring in mixed micelles of anionic-anionic and nonionic-nonionic surfactants as a determinant of intermolecular interactions and a measure of the thermodynamic ideality of mixing. In particular, Funasaki et al. (1986) have studied the volumetric behavior of mixed micelles of ionic and nonionic surfactants and analyzed their results in terms of regular solution theory. They found that in water, anionic surfactants such as SDS bind to PEG,... 

Chiang A.-S., Gadot M., Burns E. L. and Schal C. (1991) Developmental regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis ovarian synchronization of volumetric changes in corpus allatum cells in cockroaches. Molec. Cell. Endocrinol. 75, 141-147. 

The mechanism of the transfer of the eustatic component of the world ocean level rise into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov is an intricate and poorly understood process. It is clear that in these seas the eustatic rise differs from that in the ocean as a whole. The main cause is relative isolation of these seas from the ocean. Thus, the volumetric changes in the sea water levels are likely to be more susceptible to changes in the ratio between the components of the water balance of the sea (river runoff, precipitation, and evaporation) than to the eustatic rise in the ocean level. 

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