Enzymatic extraction

Munari FM, Gaio TA, Calloni R, Dillon AJP (2008) Decolorization of textile dyes by enzymatic extract and submerged cultures of Pleurotus sajor-caju. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24 1383-1392... 

Bone cleaning is the second stage of enzymatic extraction. The solid bone fraction from the first separation is mixed 1 1 with hot water (65—75°C) and treated with alkaline-type proteases. After a reaction time of one hour, the bones are separated and washed with water. The cleaned bones make an excellent raw material for the production of gelatin. 

Ruiz, T.F., Perez, A.I. and Lopez, M. (2001) An enzymatic extraction and transformation of glucovanillin to vanillin from vanilla green pods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(1 1), 5207-5209. 

Sequential Enzymatic Extractions for the Evaluation of the Bioaccessibility of Metals in Foodstuffs Some attention has been paid to the analysis of enzymatic digests of foodstuffs in the quest for molecular information to contribute to the knowledge of the bioavailability of some elements. Sequential enzymolyses in simulated gastric and gastrointestinal juice were proposed for an estimation of bioavailability of heavy metal species from meat [46] and cocoa samples [47, 48]. The soluble fractions of the stomach and upper intestinal... 

The stability of SeMet and TMSe+ in freeze-dried oyster and in the enzymatic extracts stored at different temperatures (— 18, 4, and 20°C) was studied. The results obtained for the freeze-dried sample showed that SeMet and TMSe+ were stable for at least 12 months under all the conditions tested. However, Se species in the enzymatic extracts were only stable for 10 days if stored at 4°C in Pyrcx containers [99]. 

P. Moreno, M. A. Quijano, A. M. Gutierrez, M. C. Perez-Conde, C. Camara, Stability of total selenium and selenium species in lyophilised oysters and in their enzymatic extracts, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 374 (2002), 466D476. 

M. Pardo-Martinez, P. Vinas, A. Fisher, S. J. Hill, Comparison of enzymatic extraction procedures for use with directly coupled high performance liquid... 

Extraction efPciency 3D9% in water and 80D95% in enzymatic extractions Se-Met, Se-Cys and Se(VI) accounted for 62D86, 15D22 and 12D16% of total Se... 

Heo, S. J., Park, P. J., Park, E. J., Kim, S. K., and Jeon, Y. J. 2005b. Antioxidant activity of enzymatic extracts from a brown seaweed Ecklonia cava by electron spin resonance spectrometry and comet assay. Ear. Food Res. Technol., 221,41-41. 

Parrado, J. Miramontes, E. Jover, M. Marquez, J.C. Angeles Mejias, M. Collantes De Teran, L. Absi, E. Bautista, J. 2003. Prevention of brain protein and lipid oxidation elicited by a water-soluble oryzanol enzymatic extract derived from rice bran. Eur. J. Nutr. 42 307-314. 

Arevalo Villena, M., Ubeda Iranzo, J. Briones Perez, A. (2006). Relationship between Debary-omyces pseudopolymorphus enzymatic extracts and release of terpenes in wine. Biotechnol. Prog., 22, 375-381. 

Within the extracts (thermal or enzymatic), besides polysaccharides, mannoproteins were proven to be the main components, the molecular characterization of which has been carried out using SEC and SDS-PAGE (Martfnez-Rodrfguez et al. 2007 Nunez et al. 2006). Results showed in both cell wall extracts a protein band corresponding to a relative molecular mass of 30kDa (Eig. 5.9). Moreover, three bands, which were absent from the extract obtained enzymatically, with relative molecular masses between lOkDa and 21.5 kDa were observed in the thermal extract. Only glycoproteins with Mr between 10 kDa and 21.5 kDa, were proven to be foam-active though the protein at 30 kDa (also present in the enzymatic extract) was found to be inactive. 

Fig. 5.8 Effect of two soluble yeast extracts (0.25 g/L) on the foaming properties of a model wine. Data presented are the mean of three different experiments. Model wine (control) left) model wine supplemented with the enzymatic extract (middle) and model wine supplemented with the thermal extract (right) (reprinted with permission from Martmez-Rodrfguez et al. 2007)...

Fig. 5.9 SDS-PAGE analysis of the thermal and enzymatic yeast extracts. Line A molecular weight markers B thermal extract and C enzymatic extract. Molecular weights of the standards are given on the right side of the gel (x 10) (reprinted with permission from Martinez-Rodrfguez et al. 2007)...

All enzymatic extraction procedures are conducted at 37 °C, which is similar to normal body temperature. Simulation of gastrointestinal movement and mixing of food during enzymatic hydrolysis is reproduced by shaking, stirring (mechanically... 

Table 6.9 Examples of enzymatic extraction in element trace analysis...

Enzymatic extraction carried out using in vitro models of the gastrointestinal tract is cheaper, faster, more reproducible, and ethically easier than the alternative of studies involving people and animals. Estimation of nutrient bioavailability (including trace elements, both essential and toxic) is particularly important for nutritionists, pharmacists, and toxicologists. Application of sequential procedures allows analyte fractionation (metals usually), but enzyme selectivity allows leaching of certain speciation forms of the determined elements. Table 6.9 gives examples of application of enzymatic extraction procedures for trace element analysis and speciation analysis [71, 72]. 

Ackerman, A.H., Creed, P.A., Parks, A.N., Fricke, M.W., Schwegel, C.A., Creed, J.T., Heitkemper, D.T., Vela, N.P. Comparison of a chemical and enzymatic extraction of arsenic from rice and an assessment of the arsenic absorption from contaminated water by cooked rice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 5241-5246 (2005)... 

Guzmn Mar, J.L., Hinojosa Reyes, L., Mizanur Rahman, G.M., Skip Kingston, H.M. Simultaneous extraction of arsenic and selenium species from rice products by microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction and analysis by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 3005-3013 (2009)... 

Karlovic et al. (79) examined the aqueous enzymatic extraction of com germ oil. Hydrothermal pretreatment, grinding, and enzymatic treatment of corn germ improved extraction efficiency. Although the energy cost for enzymatic com germ oil extraction was lower than that of the conventional extraction, the enzyme cost made the process more expensive (79). 

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