Vital Red

A further method of determination described in the literature uses Vital Red [20,202]. Determinations using Congo Red and by measuring the turbidity after addition of perchloric acid have also been reported. 

The possibility of measuring plasma volume using BSP has been described earlier (see Section 5.1). More commonly, I-albumin (B44, C16, 12, Z6) or the dyes Evans blue (A7, B44, G22, SIO) or vital red (G22, R2, S44) have been employed, but rose bengal (B4, S30), and indocyanine green (C16) have also been used. 

The nurse should take and record vital signs. When appropriate, it is important to obtain a description of the signs and symptoms of the infection from the patient or family. The nurse assesses the infected area (when possible) and records finding on the patient s chart. It is important to describe accurately any signs and symptoms related to the patient s infection, such as color and lype of drainage from a wound, pain, redness and inflammation, color of sputum, or presence of an odor. In addition, the nurse should note the patient s general appearance. A culture and sensitivity test is almost always ordered, and the nurse must obtain the results before giving the first dose of penicillin. 

One of the early events of the apoptotic process involves the translocation of phosphatidylserine on the surface of cell membranes annexin V binding and propidium iodide uptake reveals various cellular states. After treatment with organotin(IV) compounds the cells could be categorized into populations vital cells (annexin V /P ), early apoptotic cells (annexin V /P ), late apoptotic cells (annexin V /P ), and necrotic cells (annexin V /P" ). Cells are observed with a fluorescence microscope and it is possible to observe translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner side of the plasma membrane to the outer one and to see a green stain for annexin V FLUOS bound to PS, and a red stain for propidium iodide. 

Iron is another vital nutrient in the development of functioning erythrocytes it is essential for the formation of hemoglobin. Lack of iron leads to a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis and ultimately red blood cells. Normal homeostasis of iron transport and metabolism is depicted in Fig. 63-2.7 Approximately 1 to 2 mg of iron is absorbed through the duodenum each day, and the same amount is lost via blood loss, desquamation of mucosal cells, or menstruation. 

A 56-year-old man presents to the emergency room with complaints of right lower leg pain and redness. Examining his leg, you notice that he has erythema and edema extending from his ankle to proximal tibia. The area feels warm. On questioning, the patient states that the redness started approximately 2 days ago. He has felt feverish over the previous 48 hours but did not check his temperature. He has had no other symptoms. He states that he bumped his shin on the bed frame last week and sustained a bruise but no apparent breaks in the skin. His vital signs at the clinic reveal a temperature of 38.3°C, pulse 102 beats per minute, blood pressure 11 0/72 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute. The physician diagnoses this patient with cellulitis. 

Thermate in a sealed container can be stored for months. To use, put 1 or 2 pounds of the mixture in a paper bag and place it on the target in such a way that when it bums the red hot molten material will run down and attack the vital parts. 

Using specific fluorescent transport substrates, inhibitors and kinetic analysis Using fluorescent xenobiotics or fluorescent analogue of xenobiotics Using special fluorescent xenobiotics or fluorescent analogues of xenobiotics Vital tests with acridine orange or neutral red Metachromatic fluorescence of intercalated or bound acridine orange, 590/530 nm microfluorometry... 

The enzymes GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase and SOD collaborate to ensure that the red cell is protected from the effects of methaemoglobin and superoxide. Disposal of hydrogen peroxide may occur by catalase, in a reaction which is also dependent on NADPH. This vital coenzyme is provided via the PPP. Although the PPP operates in all cell types for the provision of pentose sugars and nucleotides, its role in the RBC is more directed to cell survival than cell division. 

The test is based on an in vitro assay of the uptake of the dye, neutral red (NR), in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. It was developed to detect the phototoxicity induced by the combined interaction of the test substance and light of the wavelength range from 315 to 400 nm, the so-called UVA. The cytotoxicity is evaluated in the presence (+UVA) or absence (-UVA) of UVA light exposure, after application of a nontoxic dose of the compound. The cytotoxicological impact is assessed via the inhibition of the fibroblasts to take up the vital dye NR (NR is a weak cationic dye, penetrating easily into the cell membrane by a nonionic diffusion and accumulates in the lysosomes) one day after the initial treatment. Normally, healthy cells may incorporate and bind NR. Alterations of the cell surface or the lysosomal membranes, however, lead to a decreased uptake and binding of the dye. 

Usuba A, Motoki R, Sakaguchi K, et al. Effect of neo red cells on hemodynamics and blood gas transport in canine hemorrhagic shock and its safety for vital organs. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1994. 

Although phosphorus is in group 15 with some other metalloids, it is usually classed as a nonmetal since it resembles nitrogen somewhat, the element above it in group 15. Both are essential to the biochemical field as vital elements to support life. Phosphorus has 10 known allotropic forms. This is an unusually high number for any element. A system of categorizing the allotropes by three colors has made it easier to keep track of them. These three colors are white, red, and black phosphorus. 

Iron occurs in every mammalian cell and is vital for life processes. It is bound to various proteins and found in blood and tissues. The iron-porphyrin or heme proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin and various heme enzymes, such as cytochromes and peroxidases. Also, it occurs in non heme compounds, such as ferritin, siderophilin, and hemosiderin. Hemoglobin, found in the red blood cells, is responsible for transport of oxygen to the tissue cells and constitutes about two-thirds (mass) of all iron present in the human body. An adult human may contain about 4 to 6 grams of iron. 

Reticulocyte. A young red blood cell showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining. 

Recently, mutation spectrum of flower color and flower shape of carnation was also investigated by Okamura et al. [108]. In the carnation variety Vital (spray-type, cherry pink flowers with frilly petals) tested, flower color mutants such as pink, white, and red were obtained by X-ray irradiation, whereas the color spectrum of the mutants obtained by carbon ion irradiation was wide such as pink, light pink, salmon, red, yellow, and complex and striped types. Furthermore, many kinds of round shape of petals were induced in addition to flower colors. These indicate that ion beams can induce novel flower color and shape with high frequency. 

At the physiological level it is well established that vital dyes such as nile blue, neutral red and methylene blue retard larval development under normal lighting conditions (12L/12D with source unspecified) (25 27). Female but not male pupal weights are also reduced. Unfortunately experiments were conducted without dark controls so that it is difficult to evaluate the role of photosensitization in these effects. As house flies and fire ants succumb to photosensitization, they lose motor control and become more excitable (28). This suggested a neurotoxic effect and investigation of fire ant acetylcholinesterase vitro revealed that this enzyme was sensitive to photo-oxidation. vivo results, however, revealed no effect on the enzyme which suggests another mode of action. Epoxldatlon of cholesterol and membrane lysis may be alternative primary sites. If this were the case ecdysone metabolism of insects would probably also be effected. 

A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic pain. She had been in her usual state of health until 2 days prior when she noted that her left leg was swollen and red. Her only medication was oral contraceptives. Family history was significant for a history of "blood clots" in multiple members of the maternal side of her family. Physical examination demonstrates an anxious woman with stable vital signs. The left lower extremity demonstrates erythema and edema and is tender to touch. Ultrasound reveals a deep vein thrombosis in the left lower extremity chest computed tomography scan confirms the presence of pulmonary emboli. What are the likely risk factors in this woman—hereditary, acquired, or both What therapy is indicated acutely What are the long-term therapy options How long should she be treated Should this individual use oral contraceptives ... 

On the slopes of Popacatepetl the sacred mushrooms are still taken with colorines. It is vital that the hilum be in the red field if it is in the black patch, it is the toxic seed of Abrus precatorius L., also called coloring (sic) and much used for beads by the Veracruzanos. 

---