Virus incidence

Deploying antivirus software without validation may be a necessity to control virus attacks or avoid anticipated attacks. Virus attacks may pose a more significant risk to GxP data than lack of validation of antivirus software. An example virus incident form is shown in Figure 12.3. 

Holding KJ, Dworkin MS, Wan PCT, et al. Aspergillosis among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus Incidence and survival. Clin Infect Dis 2000 31 1253-1257. 

Burrows, M.E.L. C.M. Boerboom J.M. Gaska G.R. Grau. The relationship hccvtccn Aphis glycines and soybean mosaic virus incidence in different pest management systems. Plant Dis. 2005, 89, 926-934. 

Ren, Q. T.W. Pfeiffer S.A. Ghabrial. Soybean mosaic virus incidence level and infection time Interaction effects on soybean. Crop Sci. 1997b, 37, 1706-1711. 

ETIOLOGIC AGENT. Eastern equine encephalitis virus, member of the family Togaviridae. genus Alphavirus Closely related to western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses INCIDENCE 153 confirmed cases In the U.S. since 1964 SEQUELAE Mild to severe neurologic deficits in survivors... 

The circumstances under which water becomes contaminated are as varied as the ways water is taken internally. It is then conceivable that almost any virus could be transmitted through the water route. The increased use of water for recreational purposes increases the incidence of human contact with bodies of water and, consequently, with waterborne viruses and bacteria. The major waterborne viruses among pathogens, and the most likely candidates for water transmission, are the picornaviruses (from pico, meaning very small, and RNA, referring to the presence of nucleic acid). The characteristics of picornaviruses are shown in Table 1. Among the picornaviruses are the enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses. 

To date, 152 species of flowering plants belonging to 46 different families, as well as a few species of mushrooms, mosses, ferns, and lichens, have been screened. Extracts from 20 seed plants have shown enough inhibitory activity to warrant further study. Leaf extracts of members of three families, Liliaceae, Pinaceae, and Labiateae, show a high incidence of antiviral agents. Several members of the Capri-foliaceae, on the other hand, contain virus-stimulating agents. 

In the clinical setting, zanamivir 12 and oseltamivir 19 are effective in both the prevention and treatment of influenza A and B infection. Benefit in treatment is restricted to patients treated within 48 h of symptom onset (Fleming 2003). Importantly, the effects of drug treatment are a rednction in the severity of illness, and in the incidence of secondary complications. The term of illness is generally rednced between 1 and 2.5 days. The evalnation of zanamivir (Calfee and Hayden 1998 Oxford 2000 Fleming 2003), oseltamivir (Doncette and Aoki 2001 Oxford 2005) and peramivir (Sidwell and Smee 2002) for the treatment, and prophylaxis, of inflnenza virus infection has been reviewed. The reader is directed to these reviews for further details of drug pharmacodynamics and clinical trial data. 

Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X, Perez-Oronoz G, Walhs TR, Davis XM, Povinelli L, Cox NJ, Klimov AI (2005) Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005 a cause for concern. Lancet 366 1175-1181... 

Brodt HR, Kamps BS et al (1997) Changing incidence of AlDS-defining iUnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 11(14) 1731-1738 Calabrese LH, Proffitt MR et al (1987) Acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with acute brachial neuritis and exanthematous rash. Ann Intern Med 107(6) 849-851... 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

A live vaccine strain of measles (Chapter 15) was introduced in the USA in 1962 and to the UK in 1968. A single injection produces high-level immunity in over 95% of recipients. Moreover, since the vaccine induces immunity more rapidly than the natural infection, it may be used to control the impact of measles outbreaks. The measles virus cannot survive outside ofan infected host. Widespread use ofthe vaccine therefore has the potential, as with smallpox, of eliminating the disease worldwide. Mass immunization has reduced the incidence of measles to almost nil, although a 15-fold increase in the incidence was noted in the USA between 1989 and 1991 because of poor compliance. 

Li+ is currently administered topically for the relief of HSV and, in addition, it has been demonstrated that the recurrence of HSV infection is inhibited in Li+-treated patients, indicating another potential prophylactic effect of Li+ [245]. Ointment containing 8% lithium succinate has been shown to reduce the severity and the incidence of recurrent genital HSV infection in man [246]. It has also been proposed that Li+ might be efficacious in treating HIV-infected patients, although any benefits have not yet been demonstrated [247]. While HTV is a RNA virus and as such might not be predicted to be affected by Li+, it is a retrovirus and utilizes a DNA intermediate for its replication and it uses a DNA polymerase. 

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