Human immunodeficiency virus incidence

Holding KJ, Dworkin MS, Wan PCT, et al. Aspergillosis among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus Incidence and survival. Clin Infect Dis 2000 31 1253-1257. 

Brodt HR, Kamps BS et al (1997) Changing incidence of AlDS-defining iUnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 11(14) 1731-1738 Calabrese LH, Proffitt MR et al (1987) Acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with acute brachial neuritis and exanthematous rash. Ann Intern Med 107(6) 849-851... 

Nelfinavir is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection when antiretroviral therapy is warranted. At present, there are no results from controlled trials evaluating the effect of therapy with nelfinavir on clinical progression of HIV infection, such as survival or the incidence of opportunistic infections. 

Hung CC, Chang SC. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence and management of human immunodeficiency virus-related opportunistic infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 54 849-853. 

For a number of overt, broad spectrum immunosuppressive xenobiotics (e.g., azathioprine) there is sufficient clinical experience to indicate the types of neoplasms for which there is an increased risk. These tumor types are listed in Table 27.1. Also listed are the tumors that occur in the unfortunate experiment of nature, namely patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the tumors that may occur at higher incidence with more selective yet strong immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporin, sirolimus, and tacrolimus). Compared to the broad spectrum immunosuppressive agents listed above, most IMBPs express a highly selective regulatory influence on the immune system modulating the activity of host defense systems rather than mediating frank immunosuppression. 

Stem Y, McDermott MP, Albert S, Palumbo D, Seines OA, McArthur J, Sacktor N, Schifitto G, Kieburtz K, Epstein L, Marder KS Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV-Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders (2001) Factors associated with incident human immunodeficiency virus-dementia. Ai ch Neurol 58 473 79. 

Nowadays, it is estimated that approximately 20 % of all cancers worldwide are associated with infections. First and foremost, a number of different viruses are of importance like the Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma, naso-pharyn-geal cancer), the human herpes virus type 8, the human papilloma virus, the hepatitis-B- and -C-viruses, and above all, the human immunodeficiency virus (Kaposi sarcoma). The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the leading contributor to stomach cancer. Parasites, like the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium (the cause of biUiarzia or snail fever) lead in Egypt to an increased incidence of bladder cancer, and types of liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis) are important risk factors, particularly in south-east Thailand and in southern China, for the appearance of Cholangio carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. [296]... 

Zou, S., Dorsey, K.A., Notari, E.P., Foster, G.A., Krysztof, D.E., Musavi, F., Dodd, R.Y., Stramer, S.L., 2010. Prevalence, incidence, and residual risk of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among United States blood donors since the introduction of nucleic acid testing. Transfusion 2010 (50), 1495-1504. 

In accordance with the bloodborne pathogen standard, OSHA has responded to a number of incidents where healthcare workers have become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) due to occupational exposures. The standard covers a relatively limited number of workers, most of them from the healthcare industries. 

---